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. 2019 Jun 13;10:1376. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01376

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Copyright © 2019 Garcia-Castillo, Komatsu, Clua, Indo, Takagi, Salva, Islam, Alvarez, Takahashi, Garcia-Cancino, Kitazawa and Villena.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of Lactobacillus fermentum UCO-979C and L. fermentum CRL973 on the expression of negative regulators of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway in porcine intestinal epithelial (PIE) cells. PIE cells were pre-treated with UCO-979C or CRL973 strains for 48 h and then stimulated with heat-stable Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The expression of negative regulators of the TLR signaling pathway were studied at 48 h after lactobacilli stimulation (basal) or at 12 h after heat-stable ETEC PAMPs challenge. The results represent three independent experiments. Results are expressed as mean ± SD. Significantly different from control PIE cells at the same time point *(P < 0.05), **(P < 0.01).