Table 2.

Immunotherapy Agents for Renal Cancer

Agent	Current Role	Mechanism	Outcomes
Interleukin-2	Systemic delivery in advanced disease	Cytokine stimulation of T-cell—mediated elimination of tumor cells	20% response, remission in a small subset
Interferon alpha	Systemic delivery in advanced disease	Cytokine stimulation of T-cell—mediated elimination of tumor cells
Nivolumab	Metastatic renal cell cancer	Checkpoint inhibitor	Median overall survival 25 mo with 25% overall response rate
Ipililumab	Metastatic renal cell carcinoma	CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibitor	In combination with nivolumab as a first-line treatment showed superiority to sunitinib; 75% 18-mo survival, 42% overall response rate
Atezolizumab + bevacizumab	Metastatic renal cell carcinoma	Anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody + VEGF inhibitor	Patients who progressed on atezolizumab or sunitinib alone, atezolizumab had improved efficacy with bevacizumab