Table 1.
Summary Characteristics of Children and Adults
| Participant Characteristic | Children | Adults |
|---|---|---|
| Total No. | 1206 | 1343 |
| Age, y | 11 (0.5) | 44 (5.1) |
| Female sex, % | 51 | 87 |
| Height, cm | 154 (8) | 167 (8) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 19 (3) | 28 (6) |
| Body mass index z score | 0.3 (1) | ··· |
| Disadvantage score | 1026 (62) | 1026 (61) |
| Current smoking, % | ··· | 8.2 |
| Cigarettes smoked per day | ··· | 2.6 (0.14) |
| Preexisting conditions, % | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.1 | 2.4 |
| Heart condition | ··· | 2.2 |
| Hypertension medication | ··· | 5.1 |
| Pacemakers | ··· | 0.1 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 108 (8) | 120 (13) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 63 (6) | 74 (9) |
| Lumen diameter, mm | 5.9 (0.5) | 5.8 (0.6) |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 54 (10) | 56 (14) |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 25 (6) | 30 (8) |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 73 (12) | 86 (16) |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 105 (49) | 132 (75) |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 89 (14) | 88 (19) |
| Glycoprotein acetylation, mmol/L | 0.99 (0.13) | 1.04 (0.17) |
| Telomere length (T/S ratio) | 1.09 (0.55) | 0.81 (0.38) |
| Vascular outcomes | ||
| Carotid intima‐media thickness, μm | 580 (46) | 663 (97) |
| Carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity, m/s | 4.4 (0.5) | 7.0 (1.1) |
| Carotid elasticity, % per 10‐mm Hg | 4.8 (0.9) | 2.4 (0.6) |
Data are presented as mean (SD) or percentage. HDL indicates high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; T/S ratio, telomeric genomic DNA (T)/β‐globin single‐copy gene (S).