Table 1.
Cohort studies that evaluated association between pre-operative frailty and post-operative adverse outcome
| Association with adverse outcomes: |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author | Study population | Type of surgery | Frailty measure | Post-operative complications |
Hospital length of stay |
Discharge to facility |
30-day mortality |
90-day or long- term mortality |
| Emergent surgery | ||||||||
| Joseph et al. (Ref. 31) | N = 220 Age: 75.5 ± 7.7 Men: 56% |
Abdominal | 50-variable Rockwood Preadmission FI |
+ | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Kenig et al. (Ref. 32) | N = 184 Age: 76.9 ± 5.8 Men: 47% |
Abdominal | VES-13 Geriatric-8 GFI Balducci |
+ | ND | ND | + | ND |
| Non-emergent surgery | ||||||||
| Makary et al. (Ref. 33) | N = 594 Age: 71.3 (65-94) Men: 40% |
General | Fried phenotype | + | + | + | ND | ND |
| Hewitt et al. (Ref. 34) | N = 325 Age: 77.3 ± 8.2 Men: 43% |
General | CSHA 7-point scale | ND | + | ND | + | + |
| Robinson et al. (Ref. 35) | N = 201 Age: 74 ± 6 Men: 98% |
Abdominal | 7-domain based score | + | + | ND | ND | ND |
| Saxton et al. (Ref. 36) | N = 226 Age: 61 ± 13 Men: 47% |
General | CSHA 70-point scale | + | ND | ND | – | ND |
| Tegels et al. (Ref. 37) | N = 180 Age: 69.8 (73-88) Men: 59% |
Abdominal | GFI | + | – | ND | + | – |
+, p < 0.05; –, p is not significant
Abbreviations: FI = Frailty Index; VES-13 = Vulnerable Elderly Survey; GFI = Groningen Frailty Index; CSHA = Canadian Study of Health and Ageing; ND = not done