Table 5.
Changes in executive function (EF) over the study interval in the intent-to-treat sample
| Mindfulness Group | Health Education Group | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Between-Condition Δ Effect‡ |
Cohen’s d |
p |
| EF: Inhibit | |||||
| Baseline | 4.74 (.71) | 5.36 (.76) | -- | -- | |
| Six-weeks | 4.38 (.88) | 6.19 (.94) | −.73, 2.54 | .30 | .28 |
| Six-months | .84 (1.94)* | 3.03 (2.09) | −.53, 2.15 | .35 | .24 |
| EF: Shift | |||||
| Baseline | 6.12 (.57) | 5.63 (.61) | -- | -- | |
| Six-weeks | 5.52 (.60) | 6.90 (.65) | −.47, 2.24 | .36 | .20 |
| Six-months | 7.14 (1.45) | 4.49 (1.56) | −.96, 1.62 | .15 | .62 |
| EF: Emotion control | |||||
| Baseline | 8.04 (1.06) | 7.89 (1.14) | -- | -- | |
| Six-weeks | 5.97 (.95)* | 9.34 (1.02) | −.02, 3.37 | .57 | .05 |
| Six-months | 3.97 (4.90) | 11.07 (5.27) | −.19, 3.24 | .55 | .08 |
| EF: Initiate | |||||
| Baseline | 7.00 (.59) | 7.26 (.64) | |||
| Six-weeks | 6.95 (.80) | 8.71 (.86) | −.44, 1.41 | .32 | .30 |
| Six-months | 5.22 (.96) | 7.71 (1.04) | −.18, 1.92 | .46 | .10 |
| EF: Working memory | |||||
| Baseline | 6.99 (.80) | 8.43 (.86) | |||
| Six-weeks | 6.32 (1.07) | 9.91 (1.15) | −1.16, 1.88 | .14 | .64 |
| Six-months | 9.63 (4.07) | 3.58 (4.39) | −1.23, 1.76 | .10 | .73 |
| EF: Plan/organize | |||||
| Baseline | 9.77 (.96) | 10.33 (1.04) | |||
| Six-weeks | 8.91 (1.15) | 13.58 (1.24) | .07, 3.31 | .56 | .04 |
| Six-months | 14.57 (7.31) | 5.05 (7.87) | −.41, 3.14 | .45 | .13 |
| EF: Materials | |||||
| Baseline | 7.76 (.58) | 7.36 (.54) | |||
| Six-weeks | 6.92 (1.00) | 6.26 (.93) | −.47, 2.04 | .35 | .22 |
| Six-months | 7.17 (1.79) | 3.81 (1.66) | −1.13, 1.65 | .11 | .71 |
| EF: Monitor | |||||
| Baseline | 6.86 (.60) | 7.38 (.64) | |||
| Six-weeks | 6.39 (.70) | 8.42 (.75) | .00, 2.56 | .56 | .05 |
| Six-months | 3.64 (1.26) | 7.84 (1.36) | .01, 3.05 | .62 | .05 |
| Flanker | |||||
| Baseline | 105.94 (1.65) | 104.53 (1.78) | |||
| Six-weeks | 107.36 (1.93)* | 109.88 (2.08)* | −3.65, 4.16 | .03 | .90 |
| Six-months | 104.88 (3.92) | 105.82 (4.22) | −2.98, 5.65 | .16 | .54 |
| List Sort | |||||
| Baseline | 104.96 (2.28) | 104.13 (2.46) | |||
| Six-weeks | 109.31 (2.90)* | 103.10 (3.12)* | −5.52, 2.73 | −.17 | .51 |
| Six-months | 113.57 (3.60)* | 111.77 (3.87)* | −5.92, 2.88 | −.19 | .50 |
Note: Mean (SE) are unadjusted values.
Note:
‡
95% CI for health education group (n=25) compared to mindfulness-based group (n=29) between-condition difference on change in outcome at six-weeks and six-months. Cohen’s d refers to the standardized effect size of the between-condition difference, and the p-value refers to the significance of the between-group condition effect. All between-condition effects are adjusted for the respective baseline level of each outcome, sex, and baseline age.
Note:
*
Refers to within-condition change from baseline of p<.05.