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Characteristics of the study population
| Control | Diabetic | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 1.000 | ||
| Male | 30 (60) | 30 (60) | |
| Female | 20 (40) | 20 (40) | |
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 35.9 (15.0) | 35.2 (15.0) | 0.020 |
| HbA1c (%),mean ± SD | 5.2 (0.4) | 8.3 (1.8) | <0.001 |
| Smoking | 0.958 | ||
| Never | 27 (54.0) | 26 (52.0) | |
| Light smoker (<10/day) | 7 (14.0) | 7 (14.0) | |
| Heavy smoker (≥10/day) | 5 (10.0) | 5 (10.0) | |
| e‐cigarette | 2 (4.0) | 1 (2.0) | |
| Former | 9 (18.0) | 11 (22.0) | |
| UPA, mean ± SD | 5.8 (8.8) | 6.3 (9.0) |
