Fig. 5. Combined Ga(iii) and acetate treatment leads to reduced TCA cycle flow. (A) Mass isotopomer distributions of ¹³C₂-labelled acetate detected in the TCA cycle and the relative abundances of cycle metabolites. (B) Ratios of bacterial cellular NADH and NAD⁺ levels after treatment with Ga(iii) and acetate. Data are presented as mean ± SEM from biological replicates. The asterisks indicate significant difference from the Ctrl or Ga(iii) treatment group (**, 0.001 < p < 0.01 and ***, p < 0.001).