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. 2018 Apr 2;105(3):625–640. doi: 10.1002/cpt.1057

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© 2018 The Authors Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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To allow comparison of age effects with genotype effects, we illustrate typical genotype effects. Relative drug exposure in carriers of the lowest activity in drug transport or metabolism is shown relative to the carriers of the genotypes coding for the normal function. A ratio of 1 indicates no difference and a ratio of 2 corresponding to a 2‐fold genotype‐dependent increase of systemic exposure. For the prodrugs clopidogrel (metabolite not specified), tamoxifen (endoxifen), and codeine (morphine) the data for the therapeutically relevant metabolite are given, thereby explaining why the ratio is below unity. As can be seen, the systemic exposure in carriers of the low activity genotypes was twice as high or even higher in about 50% if the drugs included in the present selection.