Table 1.
Clinical and metabolic characteristics of the cohort
| Overweight/obesity | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lean | Insulin‐sensitive (OIS) | Insulin‐resistant (OIR) | ANOVA P value | |
| N (M/F) | 23 (9/14) | 14 (7/7) | 14 (7/7) | |
| Age (years) | 55 ± 2 | 56 ± 3 | 58 ± 2 | 0.6 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.9 ± 0.4 | 31.0 ± 1.2** | 33.1 ± 2.1** | <0.001 |
| Body fat (%) | 27 ± 2 | 40 ± 2** | 42 ± 3** | <0.001 |
| L2/L3 visceral area (cm2) | 46 ± 6 | 190 ± 42** | 231 ± 27** | <0.001 |
| L2/L3 subcutaneous area (cm2) | 86 ± 11 | 233 ± 28** | 248 ± 41** | <0.001 |
| L4/L5 visceral area (cm2) | 56 ± 5 | 126 ± 24** | 177 ± 18** | <0.001 |
| L4/L5 subcutaneous area (cm2) | 151 ± 15 | 356 ± 41** | 382 ± 52** | <0.001 |
| L4/L5 superficial subcutaneous area (cm2) | 83 ± 10 | 153 ± 23** | 113 ± 15 | 0.01 |
| L4/L5 deep subcutaneous area (cm2) | 83 ± 9 | 206 ± 33** | 207 ± 32** | 0.001 |
| CT attenuation liver/spleen ratio | 1.35 ± 0.07 | 1.11 ± 0.12 | 0.99 ± 0.13* | 0.03 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 120 ± 3 | 125 ± 4 | 140 ± 4**# | 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 73 ± 2 | 81 ± 2* | 87 ± 2** | <0.001 |
| Glucose infusion rate (µmol/min/kg FFM) | 92 ± 5 | 90 ± 10 | 54 ± 5**## | <0.001 |
| RQBaseline | 0.81 ± 0.01 | 0.82 ± 0.01 | 0.82 ± 0.02 | 0.6 |
| Δ RQ (RQBaseline‐RQClamp) | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.02**# | <0.001 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 4.5 ± 0.1 | 4.9 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.2** | <0.001 |
| Fasting serum insulin (mU/L) | 12 ± 1 | 16 ± 2 | 22 ± 2**# | <0.001 |
| HOMA‐IR | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.4* | 3.6 ± 0.5**# | <0.001 |
| Fasting serum NEFA (mmol/L) | 0.37 ± 0.03 | 0.32 ± 0.04 | 0.35 ± 0.03 | 0.6 |
| Fasting serum adiponectin (mg/L) | 25 ± 3 | 20 ± 3 | 16 ± 2* | 0.04 |
| Fasting serum FABP4 (µg/L) | 15 ± 2 | 30 ± 5* | 29 ± 5* | 0.01 |
| Fasting serum FGF‐21 (ng/L) | 93 ± 18 | 108 ± 24 | 159 ± 29 | 0.1 |
| pAkt474 baseline a | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 0.7 |
| pAkt474 30 min a | 6.4 ± 0.5 | 6.6 ± 0.9 | 6.5 ± 0.5 | 1.0 |
| pAkt474 145 min a | 7.8 ± 0.5 | 7.4 ± 0.8 | 7.4 ± 0.7 | 0.9 |
| pAkt309 baseline a | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 0.5 |
| pAkt309 30 min a | 9.3 ± 0.8 | 7.9 ± 1.1 | 7.0 ± 0.8 | 0.3 |
| pAkt309 145 min a | 12.1 ± 1.1 | 8.9 ± 1.1 | 5.7 ± 1.4** | 0.002 |
| pAS160 baseline a | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.7 |
| pAS160 30 min a | 2.6 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 0.07 |
| pAS160 145 min a | 2.7 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.2* | 1.4 ± 0.6* | 0.005 |
Data are mean ± SEM.
a
Expression of skeletal muscle phosphorylated proteins relative to Lean average at baseline.
BMI, body mass index; CT, computed tomography; FABP, fatty acid binding protein; FFM, fat‐free mass; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; NEFA, nonesterified fatty acid; RQ, respiratory quotient.
Differences versus the Lean group * P<0.05 and ** P<0.01 and versus the OIS group # P<0.05 and ## P<0.01 by one‐way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc analyses.