Table 1.
Perpetuating factors by gender
| Factor | Men | Women | Statistical test | Effect size (Cohen’s d) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive factors Unhelpful beliefs and attitudes Misconceptions about the cause of insomnia (mean ± SD) |
27.1 ± 8.7 |
26.4 ± 7.7 |
t(737) = 0.96, p = .04 |
0.08 |
| Misattribution of the consequences of insomnia (mean ± SD) |
36.0 ± 12.5 |
36.5 ± 12.6 |
t(737) = 0.50, p = .61 | −0.04 |
| Unrealistic expectations about sleep (mean ± SD) |
21.0 ± 6.3 | 20.3 ± 5.9 | t(737) = 1.64, p = .10 | 0.11 |
| Control and predictability of sleep (mean ± SD) |
29.7 ± 9.5 | 30.3 ± 9.2 | t(737) = 0.81, p = .41 | −0.06 |
| Beliefs about sleep promoting behaviors (mean ± SD) |
23.6 ± 8.4 | 21.3 ± 8.0 | t(737) = 3.60, p = .001 | 0.28 |
|
Worry around bedtime (mean ± SD) |
2.7 ± 0.5 |
2.9 ± 0.6 |
t(737) = 3.03, p = .002 |
−0.36 |
| Behavioral factors Unhelpful sleep habits Number of naps (mean ± SD) |
2.2 ± 2.8 |
1.5 ± 1.8 |
t(737) = 3.48, p = .001 |
0.50 |
|
Physical tension around bedtime (mean ± SD) |
1.8 ± 0.5 | 1.9 ± 0.5 | t(737) = 1.48, p = .13 | −0.20 |
SD = Standard deviation