Table 2.

Perception of chronic insomnia by gender

Variable	Men	Women	Statistical test	Effect size (Cramer’s Phi or Cohen’s d)
Symptoms Difficulty falling asleep (%)	71.7	73.0	χ²(1) = 0.14, p =.70	0.14
Difficulty staying asleep (%)	93.0	91.9	χ²(1) = 0.33, p = .56	0.33
Early morning awakening (%)	71.3	77.6	χ²(1) = 3.49, p = .06	0.53
Sleep parameters SOL (minutes; mean ± SD)	39.1 ± 26.7	43.8 ± 35.5	t(737) = 2.01, p = .04	−0.14
NAWK (mean ± SD)	2.0 ± 1.1	2.1 ± 1.4	t(737) = 0.77, p = .44	−0.08
WASO (minutes; mean ± SD)	54.5 ± 39.6	50.3 ± 31.7	t(737) = 1.42, p = .15	0.12
TST (minutes; mean ± SD)	342.8 ± 71.1	355.4 ± 62.3	t(737) = 2.40, p = .01	−0.19
SE (%)	70.5 ± 12.1	70.3 ± 11.1	t(737) = .23, p = .81	−0.01
Perceived insomnia severity (0–28; mean ± SD)	17.1 ± 4.4	17.8 ± 4.2	t(737) = 2.06, p = .03	−0.16

SD = standard deviation; SOL = sleep onset latency; NAWK = number of awakenings; WASO = wake after sleep onset; TST = total sleep time; SE = Sleep Efficiency