Table 4.
Use of strategies to manage chronic insomnia by gender
| Factor | Men (%) |
Women (%) |
χ2(1) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Muscle relaxation | 26.9 | 40.5 | 14.1, p = .001 |
| Imagery | 36.4 | 47.6 | 8.9, p = .003 |
| Music | 32.7 | 33.5 | 0.1, p = .81 |
| Warm milk | 21.5 | 26.0 | 1.9, p = .16 |
| Herbal tea | 24.0 | 33.5 | 7.6, p = .006 |
| Hot bath | 34.2 | 46.1 | 10.1, p = .001 |
| Reading | 64.0 | 75.5 | 11.0, p =.001 |
| Counting sheep | 13.8 | 18.2 | 2.4, p = .11 |
| Relaxation tape | 16.4 | 14.5 | 0.4, p = .49 |
| Autosuggestion | 47.5 | 40.7 | 0.7, p = .38 |
| Daytime exercise | 57.1 | 60.6 | 0.8, p = .34 |
| Avoid rigorous exercise around bedtime | 40.0 | 46.8 | 3.1, p = .07 |
| Reduce noise in bedroom | 45.1 | 52.2 | 3.4, p = .06 |
| Reduce light in bedroom | 57.8 | 61.3 | 0.8, p = .35 |
| Have comfortable temperature in bedroom | 66.5 | 73.2 | 3.6, p = .05 |
| Avoid heavy meal around bedtime | 60.1 | 62.1 | 0.2, p = .59 |
| Have light snack around bedtime | 43.6 | 44.4 | 0.0, p = .84 |
| Drink alcohol | 22.5 | 20.1 | 0.5, p = .45 |
| Avoid alcohol before bedtime | 38.8 | 35.9 | 0.5, p = .44 |
| Avoid caffeine in the evening | 71.4 | 68.6 | 0.6, p = .42 |
| Avoid nicotine before bedtime | 18.8 | 16.2 | 0.8, p = .36 |
| Put clock out of sight | 21.0 | 22.9 | 0.3, p = .54 |
| Avoid long naps | 51.1 | 46.1 | 1.7, p = .19 |
| Meditation | 22.5 | 25.3 | 0.7, p = .39 |
| Watch TV | 54.7 | 60.2 | 2.1, p = .14 |
| Avoid stressful thoughts in bed | 43.5 | 41.3 | 0.3, p = .57 |
| Use over-the-counter sleep medications | 35.1 | 38.9 | 1.0, p = .30 |
| Use herbal medications for sleep | 19.6 | 23.2 | 1.3, p = .25 |
| Vitamins | 31.2 | 34.1 | 0.6, p = .41 |
| Biofeedback | 4.0 | 2.6 | 1.0, p = .30 |
| Massage | 14.5 | 22.1 | 6.6, p = .01 |
| Acupuncture | 5.1 | 8.4 | 3.1, p = .07 |
| Aroma therapy | 6.2 | 11.3 | 5.5, p = .01 |
| Chelation | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.2, p = .62 |
| Bright light | 2.2 | 1.5 | 0.4, p = .52 |
| Regular sleep schedule | 40.6 | 44.4 | 1.0, p = .31 |