Fig. 1 |. Bioprinting and bioassembly techniques.

a | Selective laser sintering creates scaffolds by scanning a powder bed with a laser beam and by locally sintering the hit grains. b | Stereolithography creates scaffolds by selectively exposing a photopolymer with a light source. c | 3D printing is used to fabricate scaffolds by ejecting a binder onto a powder bed of material. d,e | Fused deposition modelling and 3D plotting fabricate scaffolds by extruding a material (either in filament or pellet form) through a nozzle by pressure. f | Two-photon polymerization is applied to develop scaffolds through focusing a light source on a specific point within a biomaterial. g | Solution and melt electrospinning are used to produce fibrous structures from polymer melts and solutions by applying electric force. Panels a–c and f are adapted from Peltola, S. M. et al. A review of rapid prototyping techniques for tissue engineering purposes, Annals. of Medicine (2008) REF²³⁸, by permission of Taylor & Francis Ltd. Panels e and g are adapted with permission from REF¹⁵, Elsevier.