Table 1.
Trends of individual‐, household‐, and community‐level demographic and socio‐economic characteristics in study sample and clusters from 2004 to 2014 in Bangladesh
| 2004 | 2007 | 2011 | 2014 | AARI | P trend | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % or mean (SE) | N | % or mean (SE) | N | % or mean (SE) | N | % or mean (SE) | ||||
| N | 1,793 | 1,721 | 2,334 | 2,429 | |||||||
| Child characteristics | |||||||||||
| Female | 1,793 | 51.3 | 1,721 | 50.1 | 2,334 | 49.3 | 2,429 | 47.5 | −0.8 | .06 | |
| Currently breastfed | 1,793 | 96.4 | 1,721 | 95.8 | 2,334 | 94.4 | 2,429 | 93.5 | −0.3 | *** | |
| Age (months) | 1,793 | 1,721 | 2,334 | 2,429 | .68 | ||||||
| 6–11 | 32.2 | 35.5 | 36.1 | 34.9 | 0.8 | ||||||
| 12–17 | 40.1 | 30.5 | 34.8 | 34.1 | −1.6 | ||||||
| 18–23 | 27.6 | 34.0 | 29.1 | 30.9 | 1.1 | ||||||
| Birth order | 1,793 | 1,721 | 2,334 | 2,429 | *** | ||||||
| Firstborn | 30.7 | 36.8 | 36.0 | 39.9 | 2.7 | ||||||
| Second to fourth | 54.7 | 53.1 | 55.5 | 54.1 | −0.1 | ||||||
| Fifth and more | 14.6 | 10.1 | 8.5 | 6.1 | −8.5 | ||||||
| Child health: had the following symptom in the past 2 weeks | |||||||||||
| Diarrhoea | 1,791 | 12.3 | 1,721 | 13.9 | 2,333 | 7.5 | 2,428 | 7.9 | −4.3 | *** | |
| Fever | 1,793 | 48.7 | 1,721 | 45.6 | 2,333 | 45.0 | 2,427 | 42.0 | −1.5 | ** | |
| Cough | 1,793 | 51.8 | 1,720 | 44.4 | 2,333 | 41.8 | 2,428 | 37.2 | −3.2 | *** | |
| Maternal characteristics | |||||||||||
| Age (years) | 1,793 | 24.2 (0.17) | 1,721 | 24.0 (0.16) | 2,334 | 24.2 (0.13) | 2,429 | 24.3 (0.14) | .44 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 1,774 | 1,709 | 2,287 | 2,429 | *** | ||||||
| Undernourishment (<18.5) | 43.2 | 35.9 | 33.1 | 26.5 | −4.8 | ||||||
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 52.2 | 57.4 | 58.2 | 58.7 | 1.2 | ||||||
| Overweight or obesity (≥25) | 4.6 | 6.7 | 8.7 | 14.8 | 12.5 | ||||||
| Primary or higher education completed | 1,793 | 65.5 | 1,721 | 77.9 | 2,334 | 83.3 | 2,429 | 86.4 | 2.8 | *** | |
| Exposure to media: at least once a week | |||||||||||
| Reading newspaper | 1,793 | 7.5 | 1,721 | 6.4 | 2,333 | 5.3 | 2,421 | 5.9 | −2.4 | .06 | |
| Listening to radio | 1,793 | 33.7 | 1,721 | 19.1 | 2,333 | 4.8 | 2,429 | 2.4 | −23.2 | *** | |
| Watching TV | 1,793 | 44.2 | 1,721 | 45.5 | 2,333 | 47.6 | 2,429 | 49.4 | 1.1 | * | |
| Involved in decision making on | |||||||||||
| Large household purchases | 1,653 | 47.8 | 1,561 | 54.1 | 2,309 | 54.5 | 2,395 | 57.3 | 1.8 | *** | |
| Visiting family and friends | 1,660 | 46.8 | 1,553 | 56.6 | 2,306 | 57.2 | 2,395 | 58.8 | 2.3 | *** | |
| Regarding own health care | 1,715 | 39.1 | 1,590 | 54.0 | 2,309 | 59.5 | 2,395 | 63.3 | 4.9 | *** | |
| Paternal characteristics | |||||||||||
| Age (years) | 1,764 | 33.6 (0.22) | 1,685 | 32.9 (0.24) | 2,301 | 32.8 (0.17) | 2,392 | 32.5 (0.17) | *** | ||
| Primary or higher education completed | 1,792 | 26.5 | 1,718 | 27.8 | 2,332 | 29.9 | 2,428 | 30.0 | 1.3 | *** | |
| Household characteristics | |||||||||||
| Female household head | 1,793 | 6.2 | 1,721 | 9.6 | 2,334 | 7.6 | 2,429 | 9.0 | 3.8 | .12 | |
| No. of household members | 1,793 | 6.5 (0.09) | 1,721 | 6.4 (0.11) | 2,334 | 6.2 (0.08) | 2,392 | 6.1 (0.08) | ‐ | *** | |
| No. of children under 5 years | 1,793 | 1.5 (0.02) | 1,721 | 1.4 (0.03) | 2,334 | 1.4 (0.03) | 2,429 | 1.3 (0.02) | ‐ | *** | |
| Unimproved source of drinking water | 1,793 | 3.6 | 1,721 | 2.8 | 2,334 | 1.5 | 2,429 | 2.8 | −2.4 | .39 | |
| Unimproved toilet facility | 1,793 | 43.9 | 1,721 | 62.3 | 2,334 | 47.0 | 2,429 | 31.4 | −3.3 | *** | |
| Shared toilet with other households | 1,793 | N/A | 1,721 | 45.4 | 2,334 | 39.7 | 2,429 | 35.3 | −3.5 | *** | |
| 2004 | 2007 | 2011 | 2014 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Community characteristics | N or % or median | [IQR] | N or % or median | [IQR] | N or % or median | [IQR] | N or % or median | [IQR] | AARI | P trend |
| No. of clusters | 361 | 356 | 584 | 582 | ‐ | |||||
| Rural residence | 66.2 | 62.9 | 66.1 | 65.8 | −0.1 | .77 | ||||
| Geographical region | ** | |||||||||
| Barisal | 11.9 | 13.8 | 12.0 | 11.7 | −0.2 | |||||
| Chittagong | 17.7 | 17.4 | 15.8 | 15.6 | −1.2 | |||||
| Dhaka | 23.5 | 21.9 | 17.8 | 18.4 | −2.4 | |||||
| Khulna | 15.0 | 14.9 | 14.4 | 13.6 | −1.0 | |||||
| Rajshahi | 22.2 | 18.8 | 28.3 | 28.9 | 2.7 | |||||
| Sylhet | 9.7 | 13.2 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 2.0 | |||||
| Access to health care | ||||||||||
| % Children completed age‐appropriate vaccine | 71.4 | [58.8, 81.3] | 80.0 | [66.7, 90.0] | 83.3 | [71.4, 90.0] | 81.8 | [69.2, 90.9] | 1.4 | *** |
| % Delivered at health facility | 7.7 | [0.0, 18.8] | 11.8 | [5.0, 31.0] | 27.0 | [10.0, 44.9] | 40.0 | [18.2, 66.7] | 17.9 | *** |
| % Delivered with professional assistance | 10.5 | [5.0, 25.0] | 15.8 | [6.5, 36.4] | 30.0 | [11.8, 50.0] | 42.9 | [22.2, 70.0] | 15.1 | *** |
| % Had caesarean delivery | 0.0 | [0.0, 7.1] | 6.3 | [0.0, 16.2] | 11.8 | [0.0, 25.0] | 20.0 | [0.0, 40.0] | *** | |
| % Had ≥4 ANC visits | 13.3 | [4.3, 30.0] | 17.9 | [6.7, 38.5] | 21.4 | [8.3, 44.4] | 28.6 | [13.3, 50.0] | 8.0 | *** |
| % Postnatal check‐up on woman within 1 day of delivery | 7.1 | [0.0, 15.8] | 26.8 | [14.3, 43.3] | 25.0 | [9.1, 44.4] | 41.7 | [20.0, 57.1] | 19.4 | *** |
| % Postnatal check‐up on child within 1 day of delivery | N/A | N/A | 25.0 | [11.8, 44.1] | 38.0 | [20.0, 60.0] | 37.5 | [12.5, 54.5] | ** | |
| % Children 0–5 years received vitamin A in the last 6 months | 70.6 | [60.0, 80.0] | 77.8 | [66.7, 86.2] | 57.1 | [40.0, 72.7] | 61.5 | [45.5, 73.3] | −1.4 | *** |
| % Children 0–5 years received iron pills, sprinkles, or syrup in the last 7 days | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.0 | [0.0, 0.0] | 0.0 | 0 [0.0, 7.7] | ‐ | *** |
| % Women given or bought iron tablets during pregnancy | 53.8 | [35.7, 69.2] | 58.3 | [41.2, 75.0] | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2.7 | * |
Note. P trend values are from linear or logistic regression between continuous or binary sample characteristics and year, adjusting for complex sampling design. P trend values for ordinal variables are from nronparametric tests. AARI = average annual rate of increase.
*
p < .5;
**
p < .01;
***
p < .001.