Table 1.

Ingredients of the Huoxin formula.

	Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao (Fabaceae)	Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen (Araliaceae)	Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen (Leguminosae)	Asarum heterotropoides (Fr.schmidt) var. mandshuricum (Maxim.) Kitag. (Aristolochiaceae)
Plant parts	Root	Root	Root	Root
Amount of plant material before and after extraction	30 g (4.5 g)	3 g (no extract)	6 g (0.5 g)	3 g (0.5 g)
Application mixture (twice per day)	2 × 4.5 g	2 × 3.0 g	2 × 0.5 g	2 × 0.5 g
Chemical composition	Polysaccharides [AG-1 (astragalus glucan-1), AG-2 (astragalus glucan-2), AH-1 (astragalus heteroglycan-1), AH-2 (astragalus heteroglycan-2), d-glucose, d-galactose, and l-araban], flavonoids [7, 3-dimercapto-4, 1-methoxyisoflavone, 3-dimercapto-7, 4, 1-methoxyisoflavone, catycosin, kumatakenin and fomononetin], numerous amino acids [daucosterol, choline, betaine, folic acid, nicotinamide, and linoleic acid], trace elements and various other components, such as astragalus saponin I–II, astragalosides I–IV, soyasapogenoside, β-sterol, lupeol, hexanol, palmitic acid, 6-o-β-d-pyranoglucose, 3-o-β-d-xylopyranose and carotenol	Saponins (notoginsenosides A–E, G–N, U, R1–R4, R6 and R7; ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rd, Re, Rg1, Rg2, Rh1, Rh4 and U; 20-O-glucoginsenoside Rf; dannar-20(22)-ene-3β,12β,25-triol-6-O-β-d-glucopyranoside; gypenoside XVII.), favonosides (quercetin), polysaccarides (sanchian A) and amino acids, Others are notoginsenic acid β-sophoroside, dencichine, β-sitosterol, daucosterol, panaxydol and panaxynol	Volatile oils (α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, sabinene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, p-cymene, γ-terpinene, terpinolene, borneol, esTCMLIBagole, 2-isopropyl-5-methylanisole, 3, 5-dimetho-xytoluene, safrole, methyl eugenol, asaricin, myristicin, elemicin)	Volatile oil (β-bisabolene, trans-β-farnesene, trans-nerolidol), liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, formoononetin, medicarpin, pterocarpin, styrene