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. 2019 Jun 14;8(1):1625677. doi: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1625677

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© 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 3. — Down-regulating GLUT4 via EVs.

Some EVs can induce insulin resistance by down-regulating GLUT4. miR-155 in M1 macrophage-derived EVs, or miR-27a from the adipocyte-derived EVs can inhibit the expression of GLUT4 via decreasing PPAR-γ. Both miR-883 and miR-450 in EVs from PCs may also affect the expression of GLUT4. In addition, M1 macrophage-released EVs could decrease the GLUT4 translocation from the cytoplasm to the cell surface.