Table 2.
Demographic and socio‐economic characteristics from 2001 to 2014 in Nepal
| 2001 | 2006 | 2011 | 2014 | AARI a (%) | p‐trendb | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % or mean (SE) | N | % or mean (SE) | N | % or mean (SE) | N | % or mean (SE) | |||
| Child characteristics | ||||||||||
| Female | 1885 | 52.3 | 1418 | 48.2 | 1431 | 50.6 | 1471 | 46.8 | −0.9 | 0.03 |
| Currently breastfed | 1885 | 97.0 | 1418 | 97.5 | 1431 | 95.3 | 1471 | 96.3 | −0.1 | 0.08 |
| Age (months) | 1885 | 1418 | 1431 | 1471 | 0.70 | |||||
| 6–11 | 33.3 | 34.5 | 33.8 | 34.3 | 0.2 | |||||
| 12–17 | 33.5 | 32.8 | 35.9 | 31.4 | −0.5 | |||||
| 18–23 | 33.1 | 32.7 | 30.3 | 34.3 | 0.3 | |||||
| Child morbidity in the past 2 weeks: | ||||||||||
| Diarrhoea | 1884 | 31.7 | 1418 | 20.7 | 1431 | 23.6 | 1470 | 18.3 | −4.1 | <0.001 |
| Fever | 1883 | 43.8 | 1418 | 24.1 | 1431 | 26.0 | 1471 | 25.2 | −4.1 | <0.001 |
| Cough | 1884 | 52.7 | 1418 | 25.3 | 1431 | 30.3 | 1471 | 28.2 | −4.7 | <0.001 |
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||||||
| Age (years) | 1885 | 26.4 (0.19) | 1418 | 25.5 (0.21) | 1431 | 25.6 (0.17) | 1471 | 25.7 (0.18) | — | 0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2) <18.5 | 1882 | 27.3 | 1410 | 26.6 | 705 | 23.1 | — | — | −1.7 | <0.001 |
| Delivered at health facility | 1885 | 10.5 | 1418 | 18.8 | 1431 | 43.3 | 1469 | 55.5 | 13.6 | <0.001 |
| Delivered by health professional | 1885 | 12.9 | 1418 | 20.5 | 1431 | 43.1 | 1468 | 48.5 | 10.7 | <0.001 |
| Antenatal clinic visit ≥4 | 1885 | 14.6 | 1418 | 30.7 | 1431 | 55.1 | 1284 | 70.3 | 12.8 | <0.001 |
| Primary or higher education completed | 1885 | 28.1 | 1418 | 43.9 | 1431 | 58.2 | 1468 | 61.9 | 6.3 | <0.001 |
| Paternal characteristics | ||||||||||
| Age (years) | 1872 | 30.8 (0.24) | 1404 | 29.5 (0.27) | 1420 | 29.9 (0.25) | 1437 | 29.7 (0.22) | — | 0.002 |
| Primary or higher education completed | 1839 | 65.0 | 1411 | 78.4 | 1428 | 78.8 | 1021 | 80.5 | 1.7 | <0.001 |
| Household characteristics | ||||||||||
| Female household head | 1885 | 11.4 | 1418 | 18.9 | 1431 | 24.0 | 1471 | 25.1 | 6.3 | <0.001 |
| No. of HH members | 1885 | 7.0 (0.10) | 1418 | 7.0 (0.28) | 1431 | 6.3 (0.23) | 1437 | 6.4 (0.16) | — | <0.001 |
| No. of children under 5 years | 1885 | 1.9 (0.03) | 1418 | 1.9 (0.06) | 1431 | 1.6 (0.05) | 1471 | 1.6 (0.04) | — | <0.001 |
| Unimproved source of drinking water | 1884 | 25.3 | 1418 | 18.6 | 1431 | 10.4 | 1471 | 7.2 | −9.2 | <0.001 |
| Unimproved toilet facility | 1885 | 76.6 | 1416 | 69.1 | 1431 | 56.1 | 1469 | 31.5 | −6.6 | <0.001 |
| Shared toilet with other households | 1841 | 86.2 | 1389 | 72.3 | 1369 | 64.5 | 1470 | 58.0 | −3.0 | <0.001 |
| Community characteristics | ||||||||||
| Rural residence | 246 | 85.0 | 252 | 69.0 | 280 | 68.6 | 489 | 77.1 | −0.7 | 0.04 |
| Development region | 246 | 252 | 280 | 489 | <0.001 | |||||
| Eastern | 26.4 | 23.4 | 23.6 | 20.4 | −2.0 | |||||
| Central | 30.1 | 26.6 | 25.7 | 25.4 | −1.3 | |||||
| Western | 18.3 | 19.0 | 22.5 | 16.4 | −0.9 | |||||
| Mid‐Western | 11.4 | 15.9 | 15.7 | 19.0 | 4.0 | |||||
| Far‐Western | 13.8 | 15.1 | 12.5 | 18.8 | 2.4 | |||||
AARI = annual average rate of increase for proportions; SE = standard error.
a
AARI is calculated as [(% in the latest year/% in the earliest year)^(1/difference between latest year and earliest year)] – 1.
b
p‐trend values are from linear or logistic regression between continuous or binary sample characteristics and year adjusting for complex sampling design. p‐trend values for ordinal variables are from non‐parametric tests.