Table 3.
Determinants of meeting the complementary feeding practice criteria in breastfed children in Nepal from 2006 to 2014 using multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysisa
| INTRO | MMF | MDD | MAD | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | p‐value | Estimate | p‐value | Estimate | p‐value | Estimate | p‐value | |||||
| OR | (95%CI) | OR | (95%CI) | OR | (95%CI) | OR | (95%CI) | |||||
| N | 697 | 3,715 | 3,795 | 3,698 | ||||||||
| Year | ||||||||||||
| 2006 | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | ||||
| 2011 | 0.79 | [0.49, 1.28] | .34 | 0.56 | [0.42, 0.74] | <.001 | 0.67 | [0.53, 0.86] | .001 | 0.61 | [0.50, 0.75] | <.001 |
| 2014 | 0.63 | [0.33, 1.20] | .16 | 0.87 | [0.62, 1.21] | .40 | 0.97 | [0.74, 1.27] | .84 | 1.01 | [0.78, 1.30] | .95 |
| Child characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Age (months) | ||||||||||||
| 6–11 | 1.00 | (referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | ||||||
| 12–17 | 2.42 | [1.94, 3.01] | <.001 | 3.63 | [2.96, 4.46] | <.001 | 3.18 | [2.58, 3.92] | <.001 | |||
| 18–23 | 3.20 | [2.52, 4.05] | <.001 | 4.44 | [3.60, 5.48] | <.001 | 3.82 | [3.09, 4.72] | <.001 | |||
| Birth order | ||||||||||||
| Firstborn | 1.64 | [1.03, 2.62] | .04 | 0.96 | [0.75, 1.23] | .75 | 1.20 | [0.98, 1.48] | .08 | 1.11 | [0.91, 1.37] | .31 |
| Second to fourth | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | ||||
| Fifth and more | 1.30 | [0.71, 2.39] | .40 | 0.98 | [0.71, 1.35] | .90 | 1.25 | [0.92, 1.69] | 0.16 | 1.27 | [0.93, 1.73] | .13 |
| Perceived birth weight | ||||||||||||
| Smaller than average | 0.92 | [0.72, 1.16] | .47 | 0.79 | [0.63, 0.99] | .04 | 0.82 | [0.66, 1.03] | .09 | |||
| Average | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | ||||||
| Larger than average | 1.08 | [0.85, 1.37] | .55 | 0.98 | [0.81, 1.20] | .85 | 0.97 | [0.79, 1.18] | .76 | |||
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||
| 15–24 | 0.82 | [0.59, 1.13] | .22 | 0.75 | [0.56, 1.00] | .05 | 0.79 | [0.59, 1.06] | .11 | |||
| 25–34 | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | ||||||
| 35–49 | 0.79 | (0.58, 1.09) | .16 | 0.91 | [0.68, 1.21] | .51 | 0.83 | [0.63, 1.11] | .21 | |||
| Antenatal clinic visits | ||||||||||||
| None | 0.73 | [0.36, 1.46] | .37 | 0.68 | [0.49, 0.94] | .02 | 0.59 | [0.43, 0.81] | .001 | 0.57 | [0.41, 0.78] | .001 |
| 1–3 | 1.17 | [0.74, 1.86] | .51 | 0.78 | [0.62, 0.98] | .03 | 0.76 | [0.63, 0.93] | .01 | 0.74 | [0.61, 0.90] | .003 |
| ≥4 | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | ||||
| Postnatal check‐up on woman | ||||||||||||
| 0–1 day | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | ||||||
| ≥ 2 days | 0.76 | [0.46, 1.28] | .31 | 0.84 | [0.54, 1.29] | .42 | 0.76 | [0.49, 1.18] | .22 | |||
| Missing or unknown | 0.87 | [0.68, 1.13] | .30 | 0.76 | [0.61, 0.95] | .01 | 0.78 | [0.63, 0.98] | .03 | |||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| No education | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | ||||
| Primary | 1.15 | [0.68, 1.94] | .61 | 1.30 | [1.00, 1.70] | .05 | 1.13 | (0.89, 1.44) | .31 | 1.15 | [0.90, 1.47] | .25 |
| Secondary or higher | 2.46 | [1.43, 4.25] | .001 | 1.64 | [1.25, 2.15] | <0.001 | 2.43 | (1.93, 3.04) | <.001 | 2.32 | [1.84, 2.92] | <.001 |
| Sociocultural group | ||||||||||||
| Brahmin/Chhetri | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | ||||
| Janajati | 0.94 | [0.55, 1.61] | .82 | 0.91 | [0.70, 1.19] | .50 | 0.60 | [0.48, 0.75] | <.001 | 0.65 | [0.52, 0.81] | <.001 |
| Dalit | 0.55 | [0.31, 0.97] | .04 | 0.79 | [0.60, 1.06] | .12 | 0.57 | [0.44, 0.74] | <.001 | 0.64 | [0.50, 0.83] | .001 |
| Other | 0.40 | [0.21, 0.77] | .01 | 0.67 | [0.48, 0.94] | .02 | 0.64 | [0.48, 0.85] | .002 | 0.63 | [0.47, 0.84] | .002 |
| Community characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Geographical region | ||||||||||||
| Eastern | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | ||||
| Central | 0.60 | [0.34, 1.07] | .08 | 0.77 | [0.54, 1.10] | .15 | 0.83 | [0.62, 1.12] | .22 | 0.81 | [0.61, 1.08] | .16 |
| Western | 0.75 | [0.41, 1.40] | .37 | 0.95 | [0.65, 1.38] | .78 | 1.11 | [0.83, 1.49] | .48 | 1.06 | [0.80, 1.41] | .69 |
| Mid‐Western | 1.09 | [0.59, 2.02] | .77 | 0.68 | [0.47, 0.99] | .05 | 0.95 | [0.69, 1.29] | .72 | 0.86 | [0.64, 1.17] | .34 |
| Far‐Western | 0.46 | [0.24, 0.88] | .02 | 0.56 | [0.38, 0.84] | .01 | 0.88 | [0.63, 1.22] | .43 | 0.84 | [0.61, 1.16] | .29 |
| Ecological zone | ||||||||||||
| Terai | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | ||||
| Hill | 2.69 | [1.63, 4.45] | <.001 | 1.82 | [1.38, 2.40] | <.001 | 1.57 | [1.25, 1.96] | <.001 | 1.61 | [1.29, 2.01] | <.001 |
| Mountain | 4.17 | [2.18, 7.99] | <.001 | 2.01 | [1.42, 2.86] | <.001 | 1.56 | [1.17, 2.08] | .003 | 1.64 | [1.23, 2.18] | .001 |
| Rank of access to health care | ||||||||||||
| Highest (best access) | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | ||||
| Higher | 0.52 | [0.25, 1.08] | .08 | 0.87 | [0.59, 1.30] | .51 | 0.88 | [0.65, 1.18] | .38 | 1.06 | [0.79, 1.42] | .72 |
| Medium | 0.80 | [0.38, 1.70] | .57 | 0.94 | [0.64, 1.40] | .77 | 0.89 | [0.66, 1.20] | .45 | 1.00 | [0.74, 1.34] | .99 |
| Lower | 0.72 | [0.34, 1.52] | .39 | 0.75 | [0.51, 1.11] | .15 | 0.58 | [0.43, 0.78] | <.001 | 0.69 | [0.51, 0.93] | .02 |
| Lowest (worse access) | 0.44 | [0.20, 0.99] | .05 | 0.73 | [0.48, 1.11] | .14 | 0.40 | [0.28, 0.56] | <.001 | 0.49 | [0.35, 0.69] | <.001 |
INTRO = introduction of solid, semi‐solid, and soft foods; MMF = minimum meal frequency; MDD = minimum dietary diversity; MAD = minimum acceptable diet; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.
a
. Year 2001 was excluded because of missing MDD and MAD. p‐values are from the Wald tests.