Table 2. Demographics of the study cohort.
| Covariates | Estimates |
|---|---|
| Age (median and IQR) | 57 [52.5–64.5] |
| Male (%) | 37 (75.5) |
| African American (%) | 39 (79.6) |
| Coronary artery disease (%) | 18 (36.7) |
| Diabetes (%) | 28 (57.1) |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | 31 (63.3) |
| Hypertension (%) | 46 (93.9) |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 32.1 ± 9.5 |
| Left ventricular end-diastolic volume (mL) | 184.0 ± 62.5 |
| Left ventricular end-systolic volume (mL) | 127.0 ± 52.3 |
| Duke Activity Status Score | 28.4 ± 16.6 |
| Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire | 58.6 ± 19.3 |
| Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope | 1.8 ± 0.7 |
| Peak VO2 (mL·kg-1·min-1) | 14.0 ± 3.4 |
| VE/VCO2 Slope | 35.1 ± 7.3 |
| Exercise Duration (minutes) | 7.0 ± 2.6 |
| NT-proBNP (pg·mL-1) | 2650.3 ± 5475.1 |
| C-reactive protein (mg·L-1) | 8.2 ± 7.9 |
| Galectin-3 (ng·mL-1) | 21.4 ± 9.3 |
Estimate’s data are presented as percentage or mean ± standard deviation. IQR = Interquartile range; mL = milliliter; min = minutes; Peak VO2 = peak oxygen consumption; OUES = oxygen uptake efficiency slope; VE/VCO2 = minute ventilation-carbon dioxide production; NT-proBNP = N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide.