Table 3. Predictors of cardiorespiratory fitness and traditional HF biomarkers selected by multivariate linear regression.
| CPET | Predictors | Stand. Coefficients | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peak VO2 | Methionine | 0.592 | 0.0001 |
| Quinic acid | -0.563 | 0.0001 | |
| Glycine | -0.497 | 0.0001 | |
| PI(18:0/20:4) | -0.388 | 0.0001 | |
| Glycerol-3-galactoside | 0.379 | 0.0001 | |
| Lactic acid | -0.357 | 0.0001 | |
| Serine | -0.292 | 0.0001 | |
| Lysine | -0.273 | 0.0007 | |
| Gluconic acid | -0.258 | 0.0014 | |
| Glycerol-alpha-phosphate | 0.257 | 0.0005 | |
| CE (22:4) | -0.217 | 0.0021 | |
| Glycolic acid | -0.21 | 0.0067 | |
| GlcCer(NS)(d18:1/16:0) | -0.206 | 0.0055 | |
| Myo-inositol | 0.195 | 0.0071 | |
| Adipic acid | -0.186 | 0.0125 | |
| VE/VCO2 | Acylcarnitine C18:2 | 0.804 | 0.0001 |
| CE (22:4) | 0.615 | 0.0001 | |
| Xanthine | -0.57 | 0.0001 | |
| LPC (18:0) | -0.373 | 0.0001 | |
| Phenylethylamine | -0.367 | 0.0001 | |
| CE (22:5) | -0.337 | 0.0001 | |
| Hydroxyproline dipeptide | 0.263 | 0.0003 | |
| Indole-3-propionic acid | -0.233 | 0.0023 | |
| Oxoproline | 0.218 | 0.0037 | |
| Trans-4-hydroxyproline | 0.195 | 0.0087 | |
| 1-monoolein | -0.193 | 0.0053 | |
| Indole-3-acetate | 0.171 | 0.0237 | |
| CE (18:3) | 0.148 | 0.0425 | |
| Exercise duration | Citric acid | 0.833 | 0.0001 |
| Lauric acid | -0.681 | 0.0001 | |
| 1-monostearin | -0.659 | 0.0001 | |
| Malic acid | -0.618 | 0.0001 | |
| Myristic acid | 0.598 | 0.0001 | |
| Glycerol | -0.561 | 0.0001 | |
| Leucine | 0.508 | 0.0001 | |
| CE (18:1) | -0.325 | 0.0001 | |
| LPC (18:0) | 0.295 | 0.0001 | |
| CE (22:4) | -0.257 | 0.0001 | |
| Glycerol-alpha-phosphate | 0.142 | 0.0192 | |
| OUES | Quinic acid | -0.422 | 0.0001 |
| Linolenic acid | 0.418 | 0.0001 | |
| Valine | 0.401 | 0.0001 | |
| PC(18:2/20:5) | 0.344 | 0.0001 | |
| DG(16:0/16:0) | 0.327 | 0.0001 | |
| PI(16:0/18:2) | -0.291 | 0.0001 | |
| Hippuric acid | 0.228 | 0.0009 | |
| Glutamate | 0.217 | 0.0047 | |
| 2-hydroxyhippuric acid | -0.197 | 0.0092 | |
| Lauric acid | -0.188 | 0.0062 | |
| CRP | Palmitic acid | 1.237 | 0.0001 |
| Heptadecanoic acid | -0.69 | 0.0001 | |
| Cer(NS)(d18:1/16:0) | 0.554 | 0.0001 | |
| Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid | 0.519 | 0.0001 | |
| CE (16:1) | -0.433 | 0.0001 | |
| Indole-3-lactate | 0.332 | 0.0001 | |
| Ribose | 0.291 | 0.0001 | |
| Stearic acid | -0.288 | 0.0148 | |
| Cholesterone | -0.237 | 0.0075 | |
| 1-monostearin | 0.237 | 0.0008 | |
| PI(16:0/20:4) | 0.22 | 0.0095 | |
| Isoleucine | 0.215 | 0.0048 | |
| Pelargonic acid | -0.199 | 0.0044 | |
| 1-monoolein | -0.166 | 0.0354 | |
| 3-aminoisobutyric acid | -0.148 | 0.0481 | |
| Galectin-3 | Asparagine | -0.92 | 0.0001 |
| 3-hydroxybutyric acid | -0.876 | 0.0001 | |
| Cysteine | 0.539 | 0.0001 | |
| CE (20:4) | -0.438 | 0.0001 | |
| Threonine | 0.425 | 0.0004 | |
| CE (18:1) | 0.417 | 0.0001 | |
| FA (24:1) | 0.358 | 0.0001 | |
| Tryptophan | -0.305 | 0.0002 | |
| PC(18:2/20:5) | -0.279 | 0.0019 | |
| 2-hydroxyvaleric acid | 0.247 | 0.0038 | |
| Acylcarnitine C18:2 | 0.241 | 0.0061 | |
| Uric acid | 0.234 | 0.0063 | |
| NT-proBNP | 2-aminobutyric acid | -0.628 | 0.0001 |
| LPC (20:4) | 0.603 | 0.0001 | |
| Indole-3-acetate | 0.494 | 0.0001 | |
| PC(18:1/20:3) | -0.478 | 0.0001 | |
| Cysteine-glycine | -0.466 | 0.0001 | |
| LPC (22:6) | -0.401 | 0.0001 | |
| PC(18:2/20:5) | -0.352 | 0.0001 | |
| LPC (18:0) | -0.306 | 0.0101 | |
| Pyruvic acid | 0.299 | 0.0001 | |
| Acylcarnitine C10:0 | 0.27 | 0.0003 | |
| CE (18:0) | 0.193 | 0.0029 | |
| DG(16:0/16:0) | -0.163 | 0.0142 |
Standardized regression coefficient indicates the impact of one individual predictor over the specific test if all other predictors remain constant. Expected low values of exercise duration, OUES, and Peak VO2 and high values of VEVCO2, NT-proBNP, Galectin-3, and CRP predict poor test performance. Negative coefficient values are indicative of inverse correlation. CPET = cardiopulmonary exercise testing; Peak VO2 = peak oxygen consumption; OUES = oxygen uptake efficiency slope; VE/VCO2 = minute ventilation-carbon dioxide production; NT-proBNP = N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; CRP = C-reactive protein; PC = phosphatidylcholine; DG = diacylglycerol; PI = phosphatidylinositol; Cer = ceramide; CE = cholesteryl ester; FA = fatty acid; LPC = lysophosphatidylcholine.