TABLE II.
Comparison of in vivo (human or animals), in silico (mathematical models), and in vitro (MPS) platforms. Different models can be used together for same applications, and data from different models can complement each other.
| In vivo (human or animals) | In silico (mathematical models) | In vitro (MPS) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Applications | • Personalized medicine | • Drug dosing and scheduling | • Hypothesis testing |
| • Diagnosis and detection | • Designing MPS | • Drug screening (toxicity and efficacy) | |
| • Preventive medicine | • Hypothesis testing | • Study mechanism | |
| Available data | • Biomarkers (blood, urine, and tissue samples) | • Concentrations of metabolites and drugs | • Concentrations of metabolites and drugs |
| • Tissue and organ functional markers | • (Local) concentrations of cytokines/soluble factors | • (Local) concentrations of cytokines/soluble factors | |
| • Imaging data (X-rays, CT, MRI) | • Transport phenomena | • Transcriptome and proteome | |
| •PK parameters | • Fluid dynamics | •Mechanical functions (e.g., muscle contraction) | |
| •Time-dependent data | |||
| • Electrical functions (e.g., neuron activity) | |||
| • Barrier functions (e.g., gut, kidneys, BBB) |