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. 2019 Jun 20;9:8828. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45491-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Shifts in suitability due to climate change (RCP 4.5) by 2050 for (a) coffee (Coffea arabica L.) and (c) cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in Mesoamerica. In (b,d), shifts in suitability are shown for the altitudinal gradient covered by coffee and cocoa within the continent. Light blue indicate new areas for coffee/cocoa by 2050. Dark blue indicate areas where coffee/cocoa will remain suitable under climate change. Red indicate areas expected to be no longer suitable (vulnerable) for coffee/cocoa under climate change.