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. 2019 Jun 20;9:8926. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45441-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Intestinal crossing of E. faecalis VE14821_GFP in gnotobiotic C57BL/6J mice. (A) Immunofluorescence microscopy showing claudin-1 expression (red) and GFP-expressing E. faecalis (green) on a colonic section. Cell nuclei were stained with Hoechst. Bacteria, either from the epithelial villi (left panel) or from the colonic patch (right panel), are shown at higher magnification in boxed areas (1 to 4). The white triangles indicate additional VE14821_GFP. (B) Transmission electron microscopy of the colon. Dotted windows indicate a region interest. Close-up images of these regions are shown in panels on the right of the original picture, with the correspondence between sets of images being indicated by a letter and a number. L: lumen; BB: brush border; Ef: E. faecalis VE14821_GFP; IEC: intestinal epithelial cell; TJ: tight junction; n: nucleus; ECM: extracellular matrix; LP: lamina propria; M: mitochondria; BM: basal membrane. Scale bars are provided for each image.