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. 2019 Jun 20;9:8842. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45308-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Early to Middle Miocene paleogeography of the Mediterranean Sea and western Indian Ocean¹³: Arrows indicate surface circulation patterns^6,12,101, with black arrow indicate surface waters and white intermediate to deep waters. Red numbers indicate potential source areas of runoff with positive εNd signatures. Major drainage systems of the northern African continent are marked. The speculated area of the “Gomphotherium landbridge” overlaps with the Mesopotamian Seaway.