Table 4.

Comparison of the strategies using the probiotic strains in cancer prevention and treatment

Probiotic strains	Model	Treatment	Effect	References
Probiotic vaccination
Lactococcus lactis	C57BL/6 mice → Intranasal	E7 protein displayed	↑ Antitumor effect of following Ad-CRT-E7 treatment	[104]
Lactococcus lactis	C57BL/6 mice → Intranasal	E7 protein displayed	HPV-16 E7-specific immune response	[103]
Bifidobacterium longum	C57BL/6N mice inj/w C1498-WT1 → Oral	WT1 displayed	↓ WT1-expressing Tumor growth ↑ Survival rate ↑ Tumor infiltration of CD4+ T and CD8+ T ↑ Cytotoxic activity	[96]
Mitigation of inflammation
Streptococcus thermophilus  Lactococcus lactis	BALB/c mice (DMH)-I CRC → Oral	Antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase), IL-10; Groups: IL-10 (SICE) IL-10 (cDNA) antioxidants, mix	All groups: ↓ Tumor incidence ↓ ACF and MPL ↓ MCP-1 ↑ IL-10/TNFα Groups: IL 10 (SICE), antioxidants and mix: no tumor Mix: ↓↓ ACF and MPL ↓↓ MCP-1 ↑↑ IL-10/TNFα	[96]
Lactococcus lactis	DSS-induced mice → Intragastric	IL-10	No tumor ↓ Colonic damage ↓ Inflammation	[92]
Lactococcus lactis	BALB/c mice (DMH)-I CRC → Oral	Catalase	↓ Colonic damage ↓ Inflammation ↓ Tumor incidence ↓ Tumor progression	[95]
Drug delivery
Bifidobacterium longum	BALB/c mice inj/w CT24 → Oral or injection	Tumstatin	Antitumor effect	[111]
Lactococcus lactis	Rats (DMH)-I CRC → Oral	Endostatin	↑ Survival rate N/E on complete cure	[115]
Bifidobacterium longum	C57BL/6 mice inj/w Lewis lung cancer and B16-F10 → Oral	Endostatin or endostatin + selenium	Endostatin group: ↓ Tumor progression ↑ Survival time Endostatin ± selenium: ↓↓ Tumor progression ↑ Activity of NK, T cells and ↑ Activity of IL-2 and TNF-a i	[112]
Gene therapy
Bifidobacterium infantis	Melanoma B16-F10 cells → Supernatant fluid	Cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine	↑ Morphological damage ↓ Growth	[116]
	C57BL/6 Mice, inj/w B16-F10 cells → Injection	Cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine	Antitumor effect
Bifidobacterium infantis	BALB/c Mice and cell lines: Colo320, MKN-45, SSMC-7721, MDA-MB-231 → Injection	Thymidine kinase (BF-rTK) Ganciclovir (GCV)	↑ Mitochondrial apoptosis ↓ Inflammation ↓ TNFα	[113]

→ Administration, inj/w injected with, ↓ decrease, ↑ increase, N/E no effect. Cell lines: human: Colo320—colon adenocarcinoma MKN-45—gastric cancer, MDA-MB-231—breast cancer, SSMC-7721—liver cancer. Mouse: B16-F10—skin melanoma, CT24—colorectal cancer, C1498-WT1—leukemia

ACF and MPL pre-neoplastic lesion: aberrant crypt foci and multiple plaque lesions, CRC colorectal cancer, DMH-I 2-dimethylhydrazine induced, DSS dextran sulfate sodium, HO-1 Heme oxygenase-1, IL-10 interleukin 10, MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (cytokine), MT mammary tumor, S–D Sprague–Dawley (rats), TNFα tumor necrosis factor