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. 2019 Jun 20;9:8827. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45126-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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RNA viruses induce cytopathic effects on CHO-K1 cells. (A) Cytopathic effect of the three RNA viruses on CHO cells upon 30 h (VSV), 54 h (EMCV) or 78 h (Reo-3) of infection. Fold change in IFNβ (B) and Mx1 (C) gene expressions in CHO cells infected with the three RNA viruses compared to uninfected cells at the same time points. (D) Several pathways and processes were enriched for differentially expressed genes following viral infection (m vs. Vm). (E) Top activated (red) or repressed (blue) upstream regulators following virus infection.