Table 2.

Standard specific (per gram) enthalpy of formation h_f⁰, entropy s⁰, and Gibbs free energy of formation g_f⁰ of dry bacteria, fungi and algae biomass. Empirical formulas reflect elemental composition of microorganisms and are normalized per mole of carbon atoms. To appreciate the size of a cell, a single Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense cell can be described by C_{2.31 × 10}¹⁰H_{4.68 × 10}¹⁰O_{2.93 × 10⁹}N_{6.56 × 10}⁹⁹Fe_{4.00 × 10⁷}. The thermodynamic parameters for entire cells are given by the equation X⁰_cell = m_bio · x⁰_bio + m_w · x_w⁰ where X⁰_cell is thermodynamic parameter (H_f, S, or G_f) for a single cell, x⁰_bio thermodynamic parameter for biomass from this table, m_bio mass of the cell dry matter, x_w⁰ thermodynamic parameter for water and m_w mass of water in the cell (Section 4.3).

Name	Formula	Reference	hf⁰ (kJ/g)	s⁰ (J/g K)	gf⁰ (kJ/g)
BACTERIA
Bacteria (general)	CH1.666O0.270N0.200	Abbott and Clamen (1973)	−2.97 ± 0.16	1.45 ± 0.29	−1.10 ± 0.24
Aerobacter aerogenes	CH1.830O0.550N0.250	Naresh et al. (2011)	−4.95 ± 0.27	1.47 ± 0.29	−3.04 ± 0.35
Brevibacterium flavum	CH1.80O0.33N0.19	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−3.65 ± 0.20	1.50 ± 0.30	−1.70 ± 0.28
Bacillus cereus	CH1.49O0.43N0.22	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−3.91 ± 0.21	1.34 ± 0.26	−2.18 ± 0.29
Corynebacterium glutamicum	CH1.78O0.44N0.24	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−4.27 ± 0.23	1.47 ± 0.29	−2.37 ± 0.31
Escherichia coli	CH1.770O0.490N0.240	Bauer and Ziv (1976)	−4.57 ± 0.24	1.45 ± 0.29	−2.68 ± 0.33
E. coli	CH1.74O0.34N0.22	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−3.58 ± 0.19	1.47 ± 0.29	−1.68 ± 0.28
E. coli K-12: grown on Acetic acid	CH1.54O0.4N0.21	Battley (1992), Table 3	−3.79 ± 0.20	1.37 ± 0.27	−2.02 ± 0.28
E. coli K-12: grown on glucose	CH1.74O0.464N0.26	Battley (1992), Table 3	−4.32 ± 0.23	1.44 ± 0.28	−2.45 ± 0.32
E. coli K-12: grown on glucose	CH1.81O0.40N0.22	Battley (1992), Table 3	−4.09 ± 0.22	1.49 ± 0.29	−2.16 ± 0.31
E. coli K-12: grown on glucose	CH1.73O0.53N0.235	Battley (1992), Table 3	−4.77 ± 0.26	1.43 ± 0.28	−2.91 ± 0.34
E. coli K-12: grown on glucose	CH1.78O0.511N0.237	Battley (1992), Table 3	−4.71 ± 0.25	1.46 ± 0.29	−2.82 ± 0.34
E. coli K-12: grown on glucose	CH1.81O0.49N0.234	Battley (1992), Table 3	−4.62 ± 0.25	1.47 ± 0.29	−2.72 ± 0.33
E. coli K-12: grown on glucose	CH1.54O0.34N0.24	Battley (1992), Table 3	−3.28 ± 0.18	1.37 ± 0.27	−1.51 ± 0.26
E. coli K-12: grown on Succinic acid	CH1.56O0.36N0.23	Battley (1992), Table 3	−3.48 ± 0.19	1.38 ± 0.27	−1.69 ± 0.27
E. coli W: grown on glucose	CH1.698O0.427N0.250	Battley (1992), Table 3	−4.07 ± 0.22	1.43 ± 0.28	−2.21 ± 0.30
E. coli W: grown on glycerol	CH1.698O0.427N0.250	Battley (1992), Table 3	−4.07 ± 0.22	1.43 ± 0.28	−2.21 ± 0.30
Flavobacterium dehydrogenans	CH1.63O0.40N0.21	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−3.90 ± 0.21	1.41 ± 0.28	−2.07 ± 0.29
Klebsiella aerogenes	CH1.750O0.430N0.220	Naresh et al. (2011)	−4.22 ± 0.23	1.46 ± 0.29	−2.33 ± 0.31
Klebsiella aerogenes	CH1.730O0.430N0.240	Naresh et al. (2011)	−4.15 ± 0.22	1.45 ± 0.29	−2.27 ± 0.31
Klebsiella aerogenes	CH1.750O0.470N0.170	Naresh et al. (2011)	−4.61 ± 0.25	1.46 ± 0.29	−2.72 ± 0.33
Klebsiella aerogenes	CH1.730O0.430N0.240	Naresh et al. (2011)	−4.15 ± 0.22	1.45 ± 0.29	−2.27 ± 0.31
Lactobacillus helveticus	CH1.58O0.39N0.23	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−3.72 ± 0.20	1.38 ± 0.27	−1.93 ± 0.28
Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense	CH2.060O0.130N0.280Fe0.00174	Naresh et al. (2011)	−2.18 ± 0.12	1.67 ± 0.33	−0.02 ± 0.22
Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum	CH1.63O0.43N0.22	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−4.08 ± 0.22	1.40 ± 0.28	−2.26 ± 0.30
Methylococcus capsulatus	CH2.000O0.500N0.270	van Dijken and Harder (1975)	−4.79 ± 0.26	1.55 ± 0.30	−2.79 ± 0.35
Paracoccus denitrificans	CH1.510O0.460N0.190	Shimizu et al. (1978)	−4.21 ± 0.23	1.35 ± 0.27	−2.47 ± 0.30
Paracoccus denitrificans	CH1.810O0.510N0.200	Stouthamer (1977)	−4.83 ± 0.26	1.47 ± 0.29	−2.92 ± 0.35
Pseudomonas C12B	CH2.000O0.520N0.230	Mayberry et al. (1968)	−5.01 ± 0.27	1.55 ± 0.30	−3.00 ± 0.36
Saccharopolyspora erythraea (a)	CH1.61O0.47N0.19	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−4.39 ± 0.24	1.39 ± 0.27	−2.59 ± 0.32
Saccharopolyspora erythraea (b)	CH1.68O0.47N0.16	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−4.55 ± 0.24	1.43 ± 0.28	−2.70 ± 0.33
YEAST
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	CH1.613O0.557N0.158P0.012S0.003K0.022Mg0.003Ca0.001	Battley, 1999a,b	−5.04 ± 0.27	1.32 ± 0.26	−3.32 ± 0.35
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	CH1.640O0.520N0.160	Harrison (1967)	−4.82 ± 0.26	1.40 ± 0.28	−3.00 ± 0.34
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	CH1.830O0.560N0.170	Kok and Roels (1980)	−5.22 ± 0.28	1.48 ± 0.29	−3.31 ± 0.37
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	CH1.810O0.510N0.170	Wang et al. (1976)	−4.92 ± 0.26	1.48 ± 0.29	−3.00 ± 0.35
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Whi 2+	CH1.65O0.57N0.14	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−5.17 ± 0.28	1.40 ± 0.28	−3.36 ± 0.36
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Whi 2−	CH1.64O0.5N0.18	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−4.64 ± 0.25	1.40 ± 0.28	−2.82 ± 0.33
Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 426a	CH1.56O0.52N0.16	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−4.73 ± 0.25	1.36 ± 0.27	−2.96 ± 0.33
Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 426b	CH1.52O0.51N0.19	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−4.54 ± 0.24	1.35 ± 0.27	−2.80 ± 0.32
Candida utilis	CH1.830O0.540N0.100	Herbert (1976)	−5.32 ± 0.29	1.49 ± 0.29	−3.39 ± 0.37
Candida utilis	CH1.870O0.560N0.200	Naresh et al. (2011)	−5.18 ± 0.28	1.49 ± 0.29	−3.25 ± 0.36
Candida utilis	CH1.830O0.460N0.190	Naresh et al. (2011)	−4.58 ± 0.25	1.49 ± 0.29	−2.65 ± 0.33
Candida utilis	CH1.870O0.560N0.200	Naresh et al. (2011)	−5.18 ± 0.28	1.49 ± 0.29	−3.25 ± 0.36
Candida utilis ATCC 9950	CH1.66O0.56N0.07	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−5.34 ± 0.29	1.41 ± 0.28	−3.51 ± 0.37
Candida kefyr NCYC 1441	CH1.66O0.44N0.12	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−4.44 ± 0.24	1.42 ± 0.28	−2.60 ± 0.32
Debaryomyces hansenii	CH1.71O0.6N0.10	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−5.52 ± 0.30	1.42 ± 0.28	−3.68 ± 0.38
Debaryomyces nepaliensis CBS 5921	CH1.77O0.63N0.09	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−5.78 ± 0.31	1.45 ± 0.28	−3.90 ± 0.39
Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL 665	CH1.73O0.53N0.17	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−4.95 ± 0.27	1.44 ± 0.28	−3.08 ± 0.35
Zygosaccharomyces bailii NCYC 563	CH1.63O0.55N0.13	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−5.07 ± 0.27	1.39 ± 0.27	−3.26 ± 0.35
FILAMENTOUS FUNGI
Aspergillus niger	CH1.60O0.55N0.10	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−5.12 ± 0.27	1.38 ± 0.27	−3.33 ± 0.36
Aspergillus niger (spores)	CH1.50O0.53N0.12	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−4.83 ± 0.26	1.34 ± 0.26	−3.10 ± 0.34
Mucor rouxii	CH1.79O0.43N0.07	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−4.68 ± 0.25	1.49 ± 0.29	−2.74 ± 0.34
Neurospora crassa	CH1.80O0.45N0.13	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−4.65 ± 0.25	1.49 ± 0.29	−2.72 ± 0.34
Penicillium chrysogenum	CH1.87O0.22N0.08	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−3.09 ± 0.17	1.59 ± 0.31	−1.02 ± 0.26
ALGAE
Algae (general)	CH2.481O1.038N0.151P0.00943	Wang et al. (2017)	−7.77 ± 0.42	1.61 ± 0.32	−5.68 ± 0.51
Chlamydomonas	CH1.65O0.39N0.12	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−4.08 ± 0.22	1.43 ± 0.28	−2.23 ± 0.30
Chlorella	CH1.719O0.404N0.175P0.0105	Manahan and Manahan (2009)	−4.15 ± 0.22	1.44 ± 0.28	−2.29 ± 0.31
Chlorella a sp. MP-1	CH1.793O0.608N0.121	Phukan et al. (2011)	−5.59 ± 0.30	1.46 ± 0.29	−3.70 ± 0.39
Chlorella minutissima	CH1.714O0.286N0.143	Prajapati et al. (2014)	−3.30 ± 0.18	1.48 ± 0.29	−1.38 ± 0.26
Chlorella pyrenoidosa	CH1.625O0.250N0.125	Prajapati et al. (2014)	−2.89 ± 0.16	1.44 ± 0.28	−1.03 ± 0.24
Chlorella vulgaris	CH1.667O0.222N0.111	Prajapati et al. (2014)	−2.73 ± 0.15	1.47 ± 0.29	−0.82 ± 0.23
Chrorella sp. ATCC 7516 (medium 5)	CH1.76O0.35N0.09	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−4.00 ± 0.21	1.49 ± 0.29	−2.07 ± 0.30
Chlorella Spain sp. ATCC 7516 (medium S)	CH1.78O0.36N0.12	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−4.03 ± 0.22	1.50 ± 0.30	−2.08 ± 0.30
Rocan 1	CH1.40O0.50N0.04	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−4.76 ± 0.25	1.29 ± 0.25	−3.08 ± 0.33
Rocan BUV 2	CH1.56O0.59N0.05	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−5.47 ± 0.29	1.36 ± 0.27	−3.70 ± 0.37
Scenedesnus obtusiusculus	CH1.64O0.44N0.11	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−4.44 ± 0.24	1.42 ± 0.28	−2.61 ± 0.32
Selenastrum capricornutum	CH1.60O0.43N0.08	Duboc et al. (1999), Table 9	−4.41 ± 0.24	1.40 ± 0.28	−2.60 ± 0.32