Table 1.
Baseline maternal/household and infant characteristics by prenatal antibiotic exposure (n = 454)
| Variable, n (%)a | Prenatal antibiotic exposure | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | ||
| Number of participants | 237 | 217 | |
| Maternal/household characteristics | |||
| Age at delivery, years, mean (SD) | 27.58 (6.15) | 28.27 (5.53) | 0.22 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 28.41 (7.63) | 32.47 (10.58) | < 0.001 |
| Race | 0.58 | ||
| Black or African American | 157 (66.5%) | 148 (68.2%) | |
| White | 50 (21.2%) | 49 (22.6%) | |
| Others | 29 (12.3%) | 20 (9.2%) | |
| Married or living with a partner | 0.70 | ||
| Yes | 139 (58.6%) | 132 (60.8%) | |
| No | 98 (41.4%) | 85 (39.2%) | |
| Education | 0.30 | ||
| ≤ High school graduate | 102 (43.0%) | 103 (47.5%) | |
| Some college | 93 (39.2%) | 70 (32.3%) | |
| ≥ College graduate | 42 (17.7%) | 44 (20.3%) | |
| Annual household income | 0.95 | ||
| ≤ $20,000 | 138 (59.7%) | 129 (60.8%) | |
| $20,001 to $40,000 | 44 (19.0%) | 41 (19.3%) | |
| ≥ $40,001 | 49 (21.2%) | 42 (19.8%) | |
| Smoked during pregnancy | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 36 (15.6%) | 33 (15.6%) | |
| No | 195 (84.4%) | 178 (84.4%) | |
| Type of breastfeeding | 0.13 | ||
| Exclusive breastfeeding | 18 (7.8%) | 10 (4.8%) | |
| Exclusive formula | 46 (20.0%) | 56 (26.9%) | |
| Mixed feeding method | 166 (72.2%) | 142 (68.3%) | |
| Maternal antibiotic use in the first year after delivery | 0.001 | ||
| Yes | 67 (28.3%) | 93 (42.9%) | |
| No | 170 (71.7%) | 124 (57.1%) | |
| Infant characteristics | |||
| Sex | 0.64 | ||
| Female | 117 (49.4%) | 112 (51.6%) | |
| Male | 120 (50.6%) | 105 (48.4%) | |
| Gestational age, week, mean (SD) | 38.74 (1.38) | 38.46 (1.72) | 0.05 |
| Birth weight, kilogram, mean (SD) | 3.20 (0.50) | 3.23 (0.53) | 0.59 |
| Infant antibiotic use in the first year of life | 0.01 | ||
| Yes | 84 (35.4%) | 102 (47.0%) | |
| No | 153 (64.6%) | 115 (53.0%) | |
SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index
aUnless otherwise indicated