Table 3.
Energy oxidation and other parameters during thermoneutral condition and cold exposure before and after exercise training intervention
| Parameter | Before intervention | After intervention | Before | After | RT*Time | Cold*Time | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RT | Cold | RT | Cold | RT vs. cold | RT vs. cold | |||
| Mean skin temperature (°C) | 33.1 [32.0, 84.2] | 32.0 [30.9, 33.1] | 33.3 [32.2, 34.4] | 33.1 [31.9, 34.2] | 0.008 | 0.57 | 0.69 | 0.02 |
| Glucosefasting FDG day (mmol L−1) | 5.4 [5.0, 5.4] | 5.3 [5.1, 5.5] | 5.4 [5.2, 5.6] | 5.3 [5.1, 5.5] | 0.36 | 0.34 | 0.71 | 0.94 |
| Insulinfasting FDG day (mmol L−1) | 6.3 [4.9, 7.7] | 5.4 [3.9, 6.8] | 6.6 [5.1, 8.1] | 4.6 [3.1, 6.1] | 0.27 | 0.03 | 0.69 | 0.38 |
| FFAfasting FDG day§ (mU L−1) | 0.45 [0.3, 0.6] | 0.56 [0.4, 0.8] | 0.43 [0.3, 0.6] | 0.58 [0.4, 0.8] | 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.85 | 0.89 |
| Whole body EE (Kcal d−1) | 1674 [1425, 1922] | 2622 [2352, 2891] | 1804 [1549, 2059] | 2662 [2400, 2923] | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.25 | 0.74 |
| Whole body EE/FFM (Kcal d−1) | 27.5 [25, 30] | 43.0 [40, 46] | 29.5 [27, 32] | 43.7 [41, 46] | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.25 | 0.71 |
| CHO oxidation (Kcal d−1) | 677 [449, 906] | 744 [476, 1011] | 843 [604, 1083] | 1053 [801, 1306] | 0.69 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.09 |
| CHO oxidation/FFM (Kcal d−1) | 11.3 [7.7, 14.9] | 11.9 [7.7, 16.2] | 13.8 [10.0, 17.6] | 17.4 [13.5, 21.4] | 0.82 | 0.20 | 0.35 | 0.07 |
| Fat oxidation (Kcal d−1) | 685 [404, 965] | 1569 [1258, 1880] | 650 [369, 930] | 1303 [1009, 1598] | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.84 | 0.18 |
| Fat oxidation/FFM (Kcal d−1) | 11.0 [6.8, 15.2] | 25.9 [21.2, 30.6] | 10.5 [6.3, 14.8] | 21.2 [16.8, 25.6] | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.87 | 0.15 |
| Norepinephrine (nmol L−1) | 2.55 [1.5, 3.6] | 5.52 [4.5, 6.6] | 2.62 [1.5, 3.7] | 6.59 [5.5, 7.7] | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.90 | 0.04 |
| Epinephrine§ (nmol L−1) | 0.25 [0.2, 0.3] | 0.24 [0.2, 0.3] | 0.27 [0.2, 0.4] | 0.24 [0.2, 0.3] | 0.84 | 0.55 | 0.75 | 0.91 |
| Mean temperature of cooling blanket (°C) 0–60 min | 6.9 [5.5, 8.2] | 7.1 [5.7, 8.5] | 0.65 | |||||
| 60–120 min | 12.3 [10, 15] | 12.0 [10, 14] | 0.65 | |||||
All values are model‐based means (95% confidence intervals). FFA, free fatty acids; EE, energy expenditure; FFM, fat free mass; CHO, carbohydrate. The p‐value for RT*Time interaction indicates significant differences before and after exercise intervention in between the variables measured at room temperature on the scanning days. The p‐value for Cold*Time interaction indicates significant differences before and after exercise intervention in between the variables measured at cold exposure on the scanning days.
§
Log transformation was performed to achieve normal distribution. p < 0.05 are marked as bold.