Table 3.
Alteration of PD-L1 expression by previous treatments.
| Therapeutic | Category/dose | Tumor type | PD-L1 expression | Targets | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IR | 10 Gy | Breast cancer | + | − | (222) |
| IR | 10 Gy | Breast cancer | + | IFN-γ | (223) |
| IR | 12 Gy | Breast cancer | + | − | (224) |
| IR | 10 Gy | CRC | + | IFN-γ | (223) |
| IR | 4 Gy/8G y | Glioma | + | − | (225) |
| IR | 5 Gy/10 Gy | Glioma | + | EGFR/JAK2 | (226) |
| IR | 45 Gy/60 Gy | HCC | + (sPD-L1) |
− | (227) |
| IR | 2 Gy | HNSCC | + | AXL-PI3K | (217) |
| IR | 10 Gy | HNSCC | + | − | (228) |
| IR + chemotherapy | − | HNSCC | + | IL-6/STAT3 | (229) |
| IR | 10 Gy | Lung cancer | + | ATM/ATR/Chk1 STAT1/STAT3-IRF-1 | (230) |
| IR | 6 Gy ×1 − 6 Gy ×4 | NSCLC | + | IL-6-MEK/ERK | (231) |
| IR | 10 Gy | Melanoma | + | IFN-γ | (223) |
| IR | 10 Gy | Osteosarcoma | + | ATM/ATR/Chk1 STAT1/STAT3-IRF-1 | (230) |
| IR | − | PDAC | + | JAK/STAT1 | (232) |
| IR | 10 Gy | Prostate cancer | + | ATM/ATR/Chk1 STAT1/STAT3-IRF-1 | (230) |
| IR | 50 - 50.4 Gy | Sarcoma | + | − | (233) |
| UVR | 100 J/m2 | HPKs/HPMs | + | NRF2 | (234) |
| Arsenic trioxide | Undefined cytoxin | AML | + | MiR-34a | (122) |
| Azacytidine | DNMTi | NSCLC | + | − | (78) |
| Carboplatin | Alkylating agent | Ovarian cancer | + | JAK/STAT, antiviral defense | (235) |
| Carboplatin + paclitaxel | Alkylating agent + Antimicrotubule | Lung cancer | NC | − | (236) |
| Cisplatin | Alkylating agent | Hepatoma | + | MAPK/ERK | (237) |
| Cisplatin | Alkylating agent | HNSCC | + | IL-6/STAT3 | (220) |
| Cisplatin | Alkylating agent | HNSCC | + | − | (238) |
| Cisplatin | Alkylating agent | HNSCC | + | MAPK/ERK | (239) |
| Cisplatin | Alkylating agent | Lung cancer | NC | − | (240) |
| Cisplatin | Alkylating agent | NSCLC | + | FASN/TGF-β1 | (241) |
| Cisplatin | Alkylating agent | NSCLC | + | Akt, NF-κB p65 | (221) |
| Cisplatin | Alkylating agent | NSCLC | + | PI3K/Akt | (242) |
| Cisplatin | Alkylating agent | SCLC | + | DNMT1,KIT | (243) |
| Cisplatin | Alkylating agent | NHL | + | ERK,GM-CSF | (244) |
| Cisplatin | Alkylating agent | Ovarian cancer | + | − | (245) |
| Cisplatin + gemcitabine | Alkylatingagent + Antimetabolite | Lung cancer | − | − | (236) |
| Decitabine | DNMTi | Myelodysplastic syndromes | + | − | (67) |
| Doxorubicin | Topoisomerase inhibitor | Breast cancer | − (surface) + (nuclear) |
PI3K/Akt | (246) |
| Doxorubicin | Topoisomerase inhibitor | NHL | + | ERK,GM-CSF | (244) |
| Epirubicin | Topoisomerase inhibitor | Breast cancer | − | − | (247) |
| Etoposide | Topoisomerase inhibitor | Breast cancer | + | − | (248) |
| Etoposide | Topoisomerase inhibitor | Breast cancer | − | EMT/β-catenin/STT3 | (193) |
| Etoposide | Topoisomerase inhibitor | CSCs | − | EMT/β-catenin/STT3 | (193) |
| Etopside | Topoisomerase inhibitor | NHL | + | ERK,GM-CSF | (244) |
| Etoposide | Topoisomerase inhibitor | Retinoblastoma | + | MiR-513a-5p | (127) |
| Gemcitabine | Antimetabolite | Pancreatic cancer | + | JAK/STAT1 | (232, 249) |
| Oxaliplatin | Alkylating agent | CRC | + | IFN-γ | (250) |
| Oxaliplatin | Alkylating agent | NHL | + | ERK,GM-CSF | (244) |
| Oxaliplatin | Alkylating agent | Prostate cancer | + | TGF-β | (251) |
| Paclitaxel | Antimicrotubule | Breast cancer | + | − | (247, 248) |
| Paclitaxel | Antimicrotubule | CRC | + | ERK1/2 | (251) |
| Paclitaxel | Antimicrotubule | HCC | + | ERK1/2 | (251) |
| Paclitaxel | Antimicrotubule | Ovarian cancer | + | NF-κB | (252) |
| Paclitaxel | Antimicrotubule | Pancreatic cancer | + | JAK2/STAT1 | (249) |
| Platinum | Alkylating agent | NSCLC | + | MiR-197/CKSIB/STAT3 | (113) |
| Trabectedin | Undefined cytoxin | Ovarian cancer | + | IFN-γ | (253) |
| Vincristine | Alkaloid | NHL | + | ERK,GM-CSF | (244) |
| Vinorelbine tubulin inhibitor | Antimicrotubule | Lung cancer | − | EMT | (240) |
| 5-Fluorouracil | Antimetabolite | Breast cancer | + | − | (248) |
| 5-Fluorouracil | Antimetabolite | CRC | + | − | (254) |
| 5-Fluorouracil | Antimetabolite | Esophageal adenocarcinoma | + | − | (254) |
| 5-fluorouracil | Antimetabolite | Pancreatic cancer | + | JAK2/STAT1 | (249) |
−, negative; +, positive; NC, not change; IR, irradiation; UVR, ultraviolet radiation; CRC, colorectal cancer; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinomas; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; HPKs, human primary keratinocytes; HPMs, human primary melanocytes; AML, acute myeloid leukemia; SCLC, small cell lung cancer; NHL, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; CSCs, cancer stem-like cells; sPD-L1, soluable programmed death ligand-1; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; JAK2, Janus kinase 2; AXL, tyrosine-protein kinase receptor UFO;IL-6, interleukin-6; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; ATM, ataxia telangiectasia mutated; ATR, ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein; IRF-1, interferon-responsive factor 1; NRF2, nuclear factor E2-related transcription factor 2;MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition; FASN, fatty acid synthase; TGFβ1, transforming growth factor β1; Akt, protein kinase B; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase; DNMT1, DNA methyltransferase 1; KIT, receptor tyrosine kinase; GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor; CKS1B, CDC28 protein kinase regulatory subunit 1B.