Table 2.

Predictive validity of preclinical models for STN DBS‐mediated neuroprotection (adapted from Spieles‐Engemann et al [2010]136

PD model	Major finding	Reference(s)
		Rat	Nonhuman primate
Intact/unlesioned	STN DBS excites STN output structures	Windels et al (2000),55 Windels et al (2003)137
	STN DBS inhibits the STN	Tai et al (2003),138 Zheng et al (2011)139
	STN DBS increases subthalamic glutamate	Lee et al (2007)140
	STN DBS increases striatal DA	Paul et al (2000),141 Bruet et al (2001)142
	STN DBS increases BDNF in striatum and motor cortex	Spieles‐Engemann et al (2011)8
	STN DBS increases rpS6 and Akt phosphorylation in SNpc neurons	Fischer et al (2017)10
6‐OHDA, complete lesion	STN DBS inhibits the STN	Tai et al (2003),143 Shi et al (2006)144
	STN DBS does not increase striatal DA	Meissner et al (2001),145 Meissner et al (2002)146
6‐OHDA, partial lesion	STN DBS increases striatal DA	Bruet et al (2001)142
	STN DBS protects against neurotoxicant	Maesawa et al (2004),38 Temel et al (2006),39 Harnack et al (2008),40 Spieles‐Engemann et al (2010),41 Fischer et al (2017a)10
	STN DBS increases BDNF in SN and motor cortex	Spieles‐Engemann et al (2011)8
MPTP	STN DBS inhibits the STN		Hashimoto et al (2003),147 Meissner et al (2005)148
	STN DBS increases striatal DA		Zhao et al (2009)149
	STN DBS protects against neurotoxicant		Wallace et al (2007)42
α‐Synuclein viral overexpression	STN DBS protects SNpc somata	Musacchio et al (2017)50
	STN DBS does not protect SNpc somata or nigrostriatal fibers	Fischer et al (2017b)52
	STN DBS does not increase rpS6 phosphorylation in SNpc neurons	Fischer et al (2017b)52