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. 2019 Jun 14;10:1365. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01365

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Copyright © 2019 Robben, Witte, Schoder, Stessl, Rossmanith and Mester.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Workflow of VBNC–MIC assay. VBNC state is induced by a specific combination of detergent (stars) and salt (dots); after induction, cells are washed and resuspended in fresh BHI medium; positive control: untreated VBNC cells confirmed by ATP measurements and BacLight viability assay; negative control: VBNC cells killed at 90°C for 15 min; MAIC of antimicrobials is determined by measuring de novo ATP production of VBNC cells exposed to the respective antimicrobial, viability marker: 10⁵ RLU threshold. Scale bar: 50 μm.