Table 2.
Main Outcomes of the Tasks of Cognitive Functions at Baseline and Test Day for Each of the Experimental Conditions
| Active training | Control training | p | η p 2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Test day | Baseline | Test day | |||
| Digit Span task | ||||||
| Total score | 15.9 (4.0) | 18.5 (3.6) | 16.1 (3.7) | 16.5 (2.7) | 0.018 | 0.142 |
| Backward score | 5.9 (2.4) | 7.7 (2.1) | 6.7 (2.0) | 6.9 (2.0) | 0.018 | 0.142 |
| Forward score | 9.9 (2.1) | 10.8 (2.1) | 9.4 (2.1) | 9.7 (1.4) | 0.273 | 0.032 |
| SWM task | ||||||
| Strategy | 30.9 (7.6) | 30.4 (6.4) | 32.5 (7.1) | 30.5 (7.1) | 0.452 | 0.016 |
| Within errors | 1.6 (2.3) | 1.4 (2.1) | 1.6 (2.7) | 1.0 (2.4) | 0.711 | 0.004 |
| Between errors | 21.8 (18.4) | 20.3 (17.2) | 22.2 (13.3) | 19.8 (16.2) | 0.855 | 0.001 |
| Total errors | 22.7 (18.8) | 20.8 (17.8) | 23.0 (13.4) | 19.9 (16.2) | 0.812 | 0.002 |
| Monetary choice | ||||||
| K small | 0.0188 (0.022) | 0.0183 (0.019) | 0.0080 (0.007) | 0.0127 (0.019) | 0.644 | 0.006 |
| K medium | 0.0111 (0.015) | 0.0182 (0.022) | 0.0133 (0.016) | 0.0099 (0.015) | 0.112 | 0.067 |
| K large | 0.0063 (0.007) | 0.0080 (0.010) | 0.0050 (0.006) | 0.0037 (0.003) | 0.442 | 0.016 |
| K total | 0.0098 (0.001) | 0.0128 (0.014) | 0.0073 (0.007) | 0.0065 (0.007) | 0.277 | 0.032 |
| Stop Signal Task | ||||||
| Successful stops (%) | 59.4 (13.5) | 56.4 (9.7) | 59.2 (11.1) | 56.8 (11.3) | 0.858 | 0.001 |
| SSRT | 187.4 (40.3) | 172.2 (45.4) | 195.4 (55.4) | 170.1 (35.6) | 0.478 | 0.014 |
| Median Go RT (ms) | 640 (199) | 576 (199) | 604 (187) | 592 (168) | 0.095 | 0.078 |
| Go RT variability (SD) | 245 (199) | 145 (50) | 182 (116) | 167 (83) | 0.130 | 0.064 |
| RVP | ||||||
| Mean latency (ms) | 446 (112) | 407 (69) | 446 (95) | 408 (59) | 0.967 | 0.000 |
| Probability of hit | 0.61 (0.24) | 0.64 (0.22) | 0.53 (0.25) | 0.61 (0.27) | 0.331 | 0.027 |
| Probability of false alarm | 0.005 (0.008) | 0.004 (0.005) | 0.006 (0.006) | 0.006 (0.006) | 0.342 | 0.026 |
| CGT | ||||||
| Deliberation time | 2,496 (673) | 2,332 (739) | 2,298 (576) | 2,096 (607) | 0.864 | 0.001 |
| Overall proportion bet | 0.55 (0.15) | 0.58 (0.08) | 0.50 (0.15) | 0.55 (0.14) | 0.698 | 0.004 |
| Risk taking | 0.58 (0.16) | 0.63 (0.08) | 0.53 (0.16) | 0.59 (0.14) | 0.711 | 0.004 |
| Delay aversion | 0.10 (0.15) | 0.16 (0.19) | 0.12 (0.15) | 0.09 (0.14) | 0.059 | 0.099 |
| SOC (5‐move problems) | ||||||
| Mean moves | 6.7 (1.3) | 6.3 (1.1) | 7.0 (1.3) | 7.3 (1.9) | 0.176 | 0.052 |
| Problems solved in minimum moves | 2.2 (1.3) | 2.6 (1.1) | 2.2 (1.0) | 2.0 (1.2) | 0.190 | 0.049 |
p‐Values and effect sizes are shown for the Treatment × Time interaction in the mixed ANOVA per‐protocol analysis, see Supplementary Information for full statistical analysis.
CGT, Cambridge Gambling Task; RT, response time; RVP, Rapid Visual Processing task; SOC, Stockings of Cambridge task; SSRT, stop‐signal reaction time; SWM, Spatial Working Memory. η p 2, partial eta squared.