Table 3.
Classification results (ACC/SEN/SPE/PPV/NPV/F1/BAC/AUC±STD%, and p-value) by k-fold cross-validation of several Functional fMRI networks algorithms on schizophrenia datasets.
| ACC ± STD | SEN ± STD | SPE ± STD | PPV ± STD | NPV ± STD | F1 ± STD | BAC ± STD | AUC ± STD | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NBH | PC | 90.67 ± 1.66 | 93.59 ± 3.24 | 89.67 ± 2.80 | 91.12 ± 1.09 | 91.40 ± 5.34 | 91.33 ± 1.85 | 91.63 ± 1.16 | 88.41 ± 1.07 | 0.0330* |
| KC | 88.89 ± 1.41 | 91.18 ± 1.84 | 88.92 ± 3.68 | 90.21 ± 3.55 | 87.27 ± 2.49 | 89.59 ± 1.32 | 90.05 ± 1.31 | 84.84 ± 2.72 | 0.0208* | |
| SC | 88.44 ± 1.66 | 91.18 ± 1.84 | 88.26 ± 2.58 | 89.88 ± 2.02 | 87.27 ± 2.49 | 89.28 ± 2.26 | 89.72 ± 1.38 | 84.21 ± 3.28 | 0.0068* | |
| ParC | 81.78 ± 1.66 | 72.25 ± 4.48 | 94.93 ± 1.60 | 94.40 ± 2.04 | 76.06 ± 3.11 | 79.26 ± 3.29 | 83.59 ± 1.65 | 72.78 ± 3.29 | 0.0246* | |
| GGM | 72.89 ± 1.66 | 68.75 ± 4.50 | 80.20 ± 4.75 | 82.29 ± 5.95 | 68.82 ± 3.15 | 72.16 ± 1.87 | 74.48 ± 0.92 | 71.19 ± 2.91 | 4.1573e-4* | |
| LOPC | 72.89 ± 2.95 | 69.72 ± 4.63 | 78.73 ± 4.36 | 81.31 ± 4.97 | 74.08 ± 4.08 | 70.75 ± 3.70 | 74.23 ± 1.76 | 71.79 ± 2.99 | 3.7009e-4* | |
| MTNC | 90.67 ± 1.66 | 91.99 ± 3.30 | 90.73 ± 2.98 | 92.69 ± 2.31 | 89.80 ± 5.22 | 91.38 ± 1.87 | 91.36 ± 1.12 | 87.70 ± 1.17 | 0.0462* | |
| Ours | 94.22 ± 2.67 | 94.69 ± 3.64 | 94.93 ± 3.08 | 95.27 ± 3.16 | 93.00 ± 5.42 | 94.36 ± 2.52 | 94.81 ± 2.10 | 91.79 ± 2.36 | – | |
| COBRE | PC | 74.50 ± 1.55 | 66.10 ± 2.22 | 82.66 ± 3.55 | 74.99 ± 2.84 | 75.43 ± 1.47 | 68.57 ± 0.92 | 74.38 ± 1.49 | 69.50 ± 1.47 | 0.0011* |
| KC | 73.17 ± 1.93 | 64.49 ± 1.20 | 81.11 ± 4.27 | 73.18 ± 3.23 | 74.24 ± 1.15 | 66.93 ± 1.06 | 72.80 ± 1.67 | 68.22 ± 1.02 | 6.4777e-4* | |
| SC | 73.00 ± 1.63 | 64.49 ± 1.20 | 80.86 ± 3.52 | 72.98 ± 2.66 | 74.15 ± 1.16 | 66.83 ± 0.97 | 72.67 ± 1.37 | 68.13 ± 0.73 | 4.1727e-4* | |
| ParC | 69.00 ± 1.93 | 59.16 ± 3.70 | 78.45 ± 1.93 | 69.31 ± 1.67 | 70.07 ± 1.67 | 62.22 ± 2.89 | 68.80 ± 1.92 | 62.87 ± 1.99 | 2.0603e-5* | |
| GGM | 63.83 ± 2.56 | 60.82 ± 1.13 | 67.74 ± 4.16 | 60.94 ± 3.39 | 68.69 ± 1.23 | 58.85 ± 1.97 | 64.28 ± 1.99 | 59.02 ± 3.52 | 1.2521e-4* | |
| LOPC | 64.33 ± 1.53 | 62.98 ± 4.59 | 65.85 ± 3.87 | 59.93 ± 2.40 | 68.96 ± 1.80 | 60.15 ± 2.62 | 64.41 ± 2.05 | 59.85 ± 3.01 | 2.0818e-4* | |
| MTNC | 77.83 ± 1.45 | 70.80 ± 1.54 | 84.64 ± 2.75 | 78.16 ± 1.70 | 78.64 ± 1.29 | 72.70 ± 1.40 | 77.72 ± 1.28 | 72.71 ± 0.54 | 0.0098* | |
| Ours | 81.00 ± 0.62 | 74.51 ± 4.73 | 87.53 ± 3.70 | 81.30 ± 3.45 | 81.33 ± 2.17 | 76.36 ± 1.52 | 81.02 ± 0.89 | 76.39 ± 2.01 | – | |
| Huaxi | PC | 77.49 ± 0.88 | 77.44 ± 1.74 | 77.72 ± 2.37 | 79.03 ± 1.33 | 76.10 ± 1.02 | 77.88 ± 0.76 | 77.58 ± 0.96 | 77.10 ± 0.85 | 1.4912e-4* |
| KC | 76.28 ± 1.41 | 76.73 ± 1.46 | 75.98 ± 2.56 | 77.73 ± 1.62 | 74.97 ± 1.55 | 76.88 ± 1.09 | 76.36 ± 1.52 | 75.48 ± 1.35 | 7.7997e-4* | |
| SC | 75.70 ± 1.73 | 76.14 ± 1.07 | 75.45 ± 3.01 | 77.18 ± 2.06 | 74.45 ± 1.76 | 76.29 ± 1.29 | 75.80 ± 1.85 | 74.89 ± 1.56 | 0.0011* | |
| ParC | 67.20 ± 1.68 | 68.54 ± 2.39 | 66.84 ± 1.77 | 68.90 ± 1.70 | 66.47 ± 2.06 | 68.07 ± 1.78 | 67.69 ± 1.87 | 67.14 ± 1.58 | 1.8221e-5* | |
| GGM | 63.10 ± 2.51 | 64.53 ± 3.02 | 61.33 ± 2.16 | 64.12 ± 1.98 | 61.81 ± 2.90 | 64.05 ± 2.52 | 62.93 ± 2.37 | 62.46 ± 3.21 | 6.8929e-5* | |
| LOPC | 60.66 ± 1.36 | 60.52 ± 2.69 | 60.75 ± 1.08 | 62.28 ± 0.88 | 58.96 ± 1.48 | 61.05 ± 1.95 | 60.63 ± 1.03 | 59.90 ± 2.03 | 4.3858e-6* | |
| MTNC | 78.52 ± 1.66 | 78.98 ± 2.26 | 78.23 ± 2.17 | 79.79 ± 1.43 | 77.43 ± 1.99 | 79.03 ± 1.65 | 78.61 ± 1.81 | 78.24 ± 1.20 | 0.0175* | |
| Ours | 81.94 ± 0.74 | 81.56 ± 1.44 | 82.71 ± 1.98 | 83.50 ± 1.53 | 80.42 ± 1.31 | 82.24 ± 0.65 | 82.14 ± 1.66 | 81.25 ± 0.98 | – | |
| Nottingham | PC | 66.31 ± 3.49 | 60.59 ± 7.84 | 72.84 ± 3.32 | 65.75 ± 5.86 | 68.21 ± 4.51 | 60.75 ± 6.30 | 66.74 ± 4.46 | 63.87 ± 3.18 | 9.5656e-5* |
| KC | 64.58 ± 2.89 | 59.36 ± 6.67 | 70.34 ± 3.43 | 63.43 ± 3.58 | 66.42 ± 3.54 | 59.26 ± 4.83 | 64.85 ± 3.78 | 61.89 ± 2.95 | 7.7695e-4* | |
| SC | 64.58 ± 2.89 | 59.36 ± 6.67 | 70.34 ± 3.43 | 63.43 ± 3.58 | 66.42 ± 3.54 | 59.26 ± 4.83 | 64.85 ± 3.78 | 61.89 ± 2.95 | 7.7695e-4* | |
| ParC | 64.63 ± 1.73 | 56.31 ± 2.90 | 73.79 ± 2.63 | 66.52 ± 4.59 | 65.32 ± 1.52 | 58.25 ± 3.11 | 65.05 ± 1.53 | 62.05 ± 3.58 | 3.6260e-4* | |
| GGM | 60.19 ± 1.80 | 49.29 ± 3.64 | 69.19 ± 1.54 | 59.80 ± 3.00 | 60.40 ± 1.89 | 52.13 ± 2.43 | 59.27 ± 1.46 | 57.85 ± 4.08 | 0.0027* | |
| LOPC | 60.56 ± 1.63 | 53.18 ± 5.26 | 67.09 ± 3.62 | 60.16 ± 3.52 | 61.25 ± 2.49 | 53.89 ± 1.67 | 60.13 ± 1.21 | 58.68 ± 3.45 | 0.0025* | |
| MTNC | 68.77 ± 2.84 | 62.52 ± 7.58 | 75.83 ± 2.71 | 68.44 ± 5.27 | 70.41 ± 3.61 | 63.14 ± 6.04 | 69.17 ± 3.63 | 65.73 ± 2.61 | 5.1598e-4* | |
| Ours | 75.88 ± 1.54 | 67.05 ± 5.53 | 84.63 ± 3.79 | 77.92 ± 4.27 | 75.41 ± 2.09 | 69.92 ± 4.05 | 75.84 ± 2.13 | 73.25 ± 3.47 | – | |
| Taiwan | PC | 77.42 ± 2.30 | 77.83 ± 3.12 | 77.60 ± 3.49 | 79.32 ± 2.34 | 76.14 ± 3.41 | 77.83 ± 2.37 | 77.72 ± 2.53 | 77.07 ± 2.54 | 0.0027* |
| KC | 76.80 ± 1.48 | 78.43 ± 4.28 | 75.81 ± 3.03 | 77.92 ± 1.52 | 76.66 ± 3.34 | 77.39 ± 1.96 | 77.12 ± 1.81 | 76.11 ± 3.75 | 6.7739e-4* | |
| SC | 76.80 ± 1.95 | 79.80 ± 4.03 | 74.36 ± 2.76 | 77.30 ± 1.74 | 77.32 ± 3.62 | 77.77 ± 2.13 | 77.08 ± 2.09 | 76.03 ± 3.21 | 0.0014* | |
| ParC | 76.01 ± 1.50 | 79.80 ± 2.71 | 74.12 ± 2.56 | 76.94 ± 2.17 | 77.11 ± 1.69 | 77.14 ± 1.63 | 76.96 ± 1.23 | 75.18 ± 5.97 | 9.0876e-4* | |
| GGM | 70.08 ± 1.76 | 71.84 ± 4.11 | 68.65 ± 3.72 | 70.76 ± 2.33 | 69.04 ± 2.00 | 70.65 ± 2.87 | 70.25 ± 2.33 | 69.78 ± 4.15 | 8.6965e-4* | |
| LOPC | 71.15 ± 1.31 | 72.56 ± 3.37 | 69.89 ± 2.68 | 72.60 ± 1.90 | 69.79 ± 1.67 | 71.77 ± 1.82 | 71.22 ± 1.48 | 70.83 ± 2.82 | 0.0010* | |
| MTNC | 78.50 ± 1.69 | 79.68 ± 2.73 | 78.02 ± 3.30 | 80.01 ± 1.93 | 77.74 ± 2.97 | 79.13 ± 1.62 | 78.85 ± 1.85 | 78.17 ± 3.02 | 0.0022* | |
| Ours | 85.17 ± 0.78 | 88.06 ± 1.74 | 82.73 ± 0.17 | 84.91 ± 0.94 | 85.58 ± 2.36 | 85.99 ± 0.69 | 85.39 ± 0.83 | 83.71 ± 4.12 | – | |
| Xiangya | PC | 75.93 ± 1.78 | 84.18 ± 1.43 | 65.40 ± 4.20 | 76.60 ± 3.06 | 75.36 ± 1.88 | 79.62 ± 1.90 | 74.79 ± 2.63 | 74.29 ± 2.52 | 8.7979e-5* |
| KC | 74.88 ± 1.93 | 84.30 ± 2.10 | 63.15 ± 2.79 | 75.67 ± 1.82 | 74.74 ± 2.69 | 79.07 ± 1.76 | 73.73 ± 2.15 | 72.33 ± 1.08 | 0.0021* | |
| SC | 74.85 ± 1.55 | 83.89 ± 2.29 | 63.40 ± 2.07 | 75.64 ± 1.78 | 74.25 ± 2.61 | 78.94 ± 1.70 | 73.65 ± 1.87 | 72.22 ± 2.17 | 2.5002e-4* | |
| ParC | 72.29 ± 1.78 | 83.28 ± 0.81 | 57.42 ± 4.19 | 72.83 ± 1.81 | 70.97 ± 1.37 | 77.21 ± 0.96 | 70.35 ± 1.88 | 70.11 ± 3.02 | 0.0057* | |
| GGM | 63.09 ± 2.12 | 67.37 ± 2.54 | 56.91 ± 6.63 | 68.77 ± 2.76 | 54.93 ± 3.28 | 67.46 ± 1.88 | 62.14 ± 3.13 | 61.73 ± 4.71 | 2.6668e-4* | |
| LOPC | 65.66 ± 1.87 | 66.54 ± 1.75 | 63.82 ± 4.30 | 72.03 ± 2.46 | 57.80 ± 2.75 | 68.59 ± 1.45 | 65.18 ± 2.38 | 65.56 ± 3.60 | 4.6110e-5* | |
| MTNC | 78.06 ± 1.72 | 86.43 ± 2.72 | 67.62 ± 2.87 | 78.14 ± 2.26 | 78.29 ± 3.20 | 81.49 ± 2.05 | 77.03 ± 2.48 | 76.04 ± 3.14 | 0.0153* | |
| Ours | 80.83 ± 1.02 | 85.98 ± 3.17 | 74.47 ± 3.35 | 81.41 ± 2.08 | 79.70 ± 2.73 | 83.19 ± 1.63 | 80.23 ± 1.28 | 79.20 ± 2.89 | – |
The best results are in boldface.
The asterisk (*) denotes the statistically significant differences (p < 0.05).