Table 4.

Active ingredients for improving insulin resistance.

Type	Model	Monomer	Inducer	Animal/cell	Major findings	References
In vivo and in vitro	Insulin resistance	Baicalin	Diet-induced	Mice and 3T3-L1 cell	p38 MAPK, Akt, GLUT4	(Fang et al., 2018)
In vivo	Diabetic myocardial hypertrophy	Polydatin	STZ	Mice	NF-κB, PPARβ	(Huang et al., 2015)
In vivo and in vitro	Diabetic and insulin resistance	Polydatin	High-fat and -sugar diet and streptozocin, palmitic acid	Rat and HepG2 cell	Akt, GSK-3β, IRS	(Hao et al., 2014)
In vivo and in vitro	Insulin resistance	Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP)	High-fat diet	HepG2 cells and C57BL/6J mice	PI3K/Akt, Nrf2, GSK3β, JNK	(Yang Y. et al., 2014)
In vivo and in vitro	Adiposity and insulin resistance	Maslinic acid (MA)	High-fat diet	C57BL/6J mice and HepG2 cells	Akt, GSK3β	(Liu J. et al., 2014)
In vivo	Insulin resistance	LBP-4a	–	OLETF rats	PI3K, p38 MAPK, GLUT4	(Zhao R. et al., 2014)
In vitro	Insulin resistance	Paeoniflorin	–	3T3-L1 adipocytes	IRS-1, Akt	(Kong et al., 2013)
In vivo	Obesity	Berberine	High-fat diet	Rats	IRS-1	(Liu D. et al., 2018)
In vivo	Obesity	Berberine	High-fat diet	Mice	AMPK	(Wang L. et al., 2018)
In vivo	Natural aging	Berberine	–	Rats	p-AMPK	(Yu Y. et al., 2018)
In vitro	Insulin resistance	Astragaloside IV	Glucose + insulin	HepG2 cells	AMPK	(Wang C. et al., 2018)
In vitro	Insulin resistance	Astragaloside IV	Palmitate	C2C12 myotubes	IRS1, Akt	(Zhu et al., 2016)
In vivo and in vitro	Obesity/insulin resistance	Ginsenoside Rb2	High-fat diet/TNF-α	Mice/3T3-L1 adipocytes	IRS-1, PI3K/Akt, MAPK	(Dai et al., 2018)
In vivo	Obesity	Ginsenoside Rg3	High-fat diet	C57BL/6 mice/3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte cell	PPAR	(Lee et al., 2017)
In vivo	Insulin resistance	Ginsenoside Re	High-fat diet	C57BL/6 mice	JNK	(Kim et al., 2017)
In vivo	Obesity	Ginsenoside Rg5	High-fat diet	ICR mice	JNK	(Xiao et al., 2017)
In vivo	Insulin resistance	Dihydromyricetin (DMY)	High-fat diet	Male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats	GLUT1, AMPK	(Le et al., 2016)
In vitro	Insulin resistance	Atractylenolide I (AT-I) and atractylenolide II (AT-II)	LY294002	Mouse skeletal muscle, C2C12 cells	GLUT4, AMPK, PI3K/Akt	(Chao et al., 2016)
In vivo and in vitro	Insulin resistance	Fudan-Yueyang Ganoderma lucidum (FYGL)	–	ob/ob mice, L6 rat skeletal muscle cells	PTP1B, PI3K/Akt, GLUT4, IRS-1,	(Yang et al., 2018)
In vitro	Insulin resistance	α-Methyl artoflavanocoumarin (MAFC)	Insulin	HepG2 cells	PTP1B, PI3K/Akt, IRS-1,	(Jung et al., 2017)
In vitro	Insulin resistance	Anthocyanins from Purple Corn	DMEM	3T3-L1 Adipocytes	PPARγ, IRS-1, GLUT4, Akt	(Luna-Vital et al., 2017)
In vitro	Insulin resistance	Geniposide	RPMI-1640 medium	HepG2 cells	NF-κB, GLUT-4	(Jiang et al., 2017)
In vivo	Insulin resistance	Tartary buckwheat flavonoid fraction (TBF)	High fructose	Mice	Nrf2, GLUT-4, IRS-1,	(Hu et al., 2017)
In vitro and in vivo	Insulin resistance	Pectic bee pollen polysaccharide (RBPP-P)	High glucose and fatty acids/high-fat diet	HepG2 cells/mice	AMPK	(Li et al., 2017)
In vitro	Insulin resistance	Fucosterol	–	HepG2 cells	PTP1B	(Jung et al., 2016)
In vitro and in vivo	Insulin resistance	Mulberry anthocyanin extract (MAE)	High glucose plus palmitic acid	HepG2 cells/db/db mice	PI3K/Akt	(Yan et al., 2016)
In vitro	Insulin resistance	Tartary buckwheat flavonoids (TBF)	High glucose	HepG2 cells	MAPK, Nrf2, IRS-1,	(Hu et al., 2016)
In vivo	Insulin resistance	Corosolic acid	High-fat diet	C57BL/6 mice	IRS-1, AMPK, Akt	(Yang et al., 2016)
In vivo	Insulin resistance	1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ)	–	db/db mice	PI3K/Akt, GLUT-4, IRS-1	(Liu Q. et al., 2015)
In vivo	Insulin resistance	Rutin	S961	C57BL/6 mice	GLUT4	(Hsu et al., 2014)
In vitro	Insulin resistance	Total phenolic fraction of Anemarrhena asphodeloides	Macrophage-derived conditioned medium	Adipocytes	AMPK	(Zhao W. et al., 2014)