Table 1.
Comparison of baseline characteristics between the sub‐sample study groups and between the sub‐sample and overall study population
| LNS‐PL | IFA | Sub‐sample | Total sample | P value (a)¶ | P value (b)** | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pregnancy | Early lactation | Late lactation | Pregnancy | Early lactation | |||||
| N | 73 | 72 | 72 | 71 | 72 | 360 | 4011 | ||
| Characteristic | Mean ± SD* | ||||||||
| GA at enrollment (weeks) | 12.6 ± 3.0 | 13.2 ± 3.3 | 12.3 ± 3.1 | 12.2 ± 2.8 | 12.8 ± 3.2 | 12.6 ± 3.1 | 13.1 ± 3.4 | 0.27 | 0.021 |
| GA or post‐partum age at time of adherence interview (weeks) | 34.7 ± 2.6 | 9.6 ± 1.9 | 19.9 ± 3.2 | 34.3 ± 2.8 | 9.4 ± 1.9 | ||||
| Age (years) | 20.8 ± 5.2 | 22.2 ± 4.7 | 21.3 ± 4.7 | 21.8 ± 5.2 | 21.8 ± 4.2 | 21.6 ± 4.8 | 22.0 ± 5.0 | 0.52 | 0.17 |
| Primiparous† (%) | 47A | 24A | 44A | 40A | 29A | 37 | 35 | 0.025 | 0.63 |
| Previous stillbirth† (%) | 0 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 6 | ‐‐‡ | 0.55 |
| Tobacco use† (%) | 2 | 6 | 3 | 9 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ‐‐‡ | ‐‐‡ |
| Early pregnancy BMI† (kg m−2) | 19.8 ± 2.7 | 20.4 ± 2.3 | 20.6 ± 2.5 | 19.8 ± 3.0 | 20.0 ± 2.5 | 20.1 ± 2.6 | 20.1 ± 2.8 | 0.29 | 0.88 |
| Underweight (BMI <18.5 kg m−2)† (%) | 30A,B | 19A,B | 18B | 39A | 33A,B | 28 | 28 | 0.02 | ‐‐‡ |
| Height† (cm) | 149.9 ± 4.9 | 150.4 ± 5.6 | 151.5 ± 5.7 | 151.1 ± 5.4 | 150.8 ± 5.6 | 150.7 ± 5.4 | 150.5 ± 5.4 | 0.49 | 0.48 |
| Short stature (<145 cm)† (%) | 15 | 24 | 14 | 7 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 0.10 | 0.47 |
| MUAC† (cm) | 24.5 ± 2.5 | 25.0 ± 2.3 | 25.6 ± 2.3 | 24.8 ± 2.8 | 24.8 ± 2.3 | 24.9 ± 2.5 | 24.9 ± 2.7 | 0.085 | 0.61 |
| Highest grade in school completed§ (years) | 6.8 ± 3.3 | 6.5 ± 3.1 | 6.4 ± 2.6 | 6.0 ± 3.2 | 6.0 ± 3.4 | 6.3 ± 3.1 | 6.2 ± 3.3 | 0.56 | 0.92 |
| Did not attend any school (%) | 7 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 0.57 | 0.32 |
| Highest grade in school household head completed§ (years) | 4.0 ± 4.1 | 4.4 ± 4.0 | 3.2 ± 3.7 | 3.6 ± 4.2 | 4.0 ± 4.1 | 3.9 ± 4.0 | 4.1 ± 4.1 | 0.50 | 0.18 |
| Household head did not attend any school (%) | 27 | 25 | 38 | 34 | 25 | 30 | 30 | 0.38 | 0.83 |
| Husband's occupation (%) | 0.47 | 0.84 | |||||||
| Farmer | 21 | 18 | 19 | 11 | 11 | 16 | 16 | ||
| Business owner | 18 | 13 | 19 | 13 | 22 | 17 | 19 | ||
| Transport worker | 16 | 13 | 17 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 15 | ||
| Day labour | 36 | 38 | 33 | 44 | 31 | 36 | 33 | ||
| Other | 10 | 19 | 11 | 20 | 24 | 17 | 18 | ||
| Religion (%) | 0.17 | 0.39 | |||||||
| Islam | 73 | 74 | 83 | 76 | 85 | 78 | 80 | ||
| Hindu | 23 | 25 | 17 | 24 | 15 | 21 | 19 | ||
| Christian | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Buddhism | 0 | <1 | |||||||
LNS‐PL, lipid‐based nutrient supplement for pregnant and lactating women; IFA, iron and folic acid; BMI, body mass index; MUAC, mid‐upper arm circumference; GA, gestational age; SD, standard deviation.
Mean ± SD except where noted.
Missing seven participants from LNS‐PL‐pregnancy, one from IFA‐pregnancy, two from each LNS‐PL‐early lactation and IFA‐early lactation, four from LNS‐PL‐late lactation, 16 sub‐study participants and 159 overall participants.
Model could not converge because of insufficient sample size in some cells.
Includes those who never attended school as 0 grades completed.
P(a) – tests the difference among the five sub‐sample groups using t‐tests and chi‐squared test accounting for clusters. Among characteristics found to be significantly different at P < 0.05, we tested for group‐wise differences, adjusting for multiple comparisons using the Tukey–Kramer method for multiple comparisons. Significant between‐group differences at P < 0.05 are indicated with different superscript letters.
P(b) – tests the difference between the sub‐sample and the overall study population.