Table 2.
General characteristics of the economic evaluations included
| Author (year) Country | Condition | Intervention | Comparator(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amner (2012) UK | EUPD symptoms and characteristics such as emotional dysregulation and recent self‐harming behaviours (during the previous 12 months) (n = 21) | DBT weekly sessions over 1 year comprising a two and a half hourly educational training group focusing on the acquisition of psycho‐social skills, combined with individual hour‐long sessions with a suitably trained therapist | UC (treatment received in the year prior to engagement in DBT) |
| Finnes et al. (2017) Sweden | Mental health disorders including anxiety disorder, depression, reaction to severe stress, or adjustment disorder (n = 352) | ACT comprising six individual 60‐min sessions | ACT+WDI (intervention + three meetings involving the participant and his or her supervisor at work); WDI alone (three meetings involving the participant and his or her supervisor at work); UC (any intervention or consultation as offered by the primary care centre or other care facility; typically CBT and/or pharmacological treatments but also physical therapy and counselling |
| Knight et al. (2015) Canada | Mental health issues (described as people referred by their physician for a variety of mental health issues) (n = 1,730) | MBSR, 10‐weeks programme consisted of nine weekly 3‐hr group classes, daily homework assignments, and one 7‐hr class | UC (health service use before participation in the MBSR programme) |
| Kuyken et al. (2008) UK | Depression (three or more previous episodes of depression and on maintenance antidepressant medication for at least the previous 6 months) (n = 123) | MBCT delivered in primary care settings with groups of 9–15 patients, 2‐hr sessions over 8 consecutive weeks, followed by four follow‐up sessions in the following year, and antidepressant tapering/discontinuation support (discussion with physicians after 4–5 weeks of the MBCT groups) | Maintenance antidepressant treatment monitored and treated by their physicians in primary care settings. During the maintenance phase, physicians were asked to manage antidepressant treatment in line with standard clinical practice and the BNF |
| Kuyken, Hayes, Barrett, Byng, Dalgleish, Kessler, Lewis, Watkins, Brejcha, et al. (2015a) UK | Depression (three or more previous major depressive episodes, recurrent major depressive disorder in full or partial remission, and on a therapeutic dose of maintenance antidepressant) (n = 424) | MBCT consisting of eight 2.25‐hr group sessions, normally over consecutive weeks, with four refresher sessions offered roughly every 3 months for the following year, and antidepressant tapering/discontinuation support | Maintenance antidepressant treatment, patients received support from their GPs to maintain a therapeutic level of antidepressant medication in line with BNF and NICE guidelines |
| Pasieczny and Connor (2011) Australia | EUPD; BPD according to DSM‐IV‐TR criteria; all patients had at least one additional DSM axis 1 comorbid diagnosis, most commonly substance use disorders (51%), depressive disorders (77%), bipolar affective disorder (6%), PTSD (23%), other anxiety disorders (50%), and schizophrenia (4%) (n = 92) | DBT taking place over 6 months and consisting of weekly individual psychotherapy (1 h), weekly group skills training (2 h), access to phone coaching between sessions, and therapist attendance at a weekly DBT consultation meeting (1.5 h) | UC consisting of engagement, ongoing assessment, planning, linking with community resources, consultation with carers, assistance expanding social networks, collaboration with medical staff, advocacy, individual counselling, living skills training, psycho‐education, and crisis management |
| Priebe et al. (2012) UK | EUPD (5 days or more with self‐harm in the year prior to treatment, and a diagnosis of at least one personality disorder; the majority of patients (91%) have a diagnosis of EUPD) (n = 80) | DBT consisting of weekly hour‐long individual therapy sessions, a weekly 2‐hr skills training group, and out‐of‐hours skills coaching over the telephone as needed during 12 months | UC which may have included treatment from psychotherapists, psychiatrists, community mental health teams, counsellors, GPs, or user‐run support groups |
| Shawyer et al. (2016) Australia | Depression (three or more previous major depressive episodes, recurrent major depressive disorder) (n = 204) | MBCT consisting of eight 2‐hr group training sessions delivered weekly and 3‐monthly optional ‘booster sessions’; and depressive relapse active monitoring consisting of monthly supported self‐monitoring using the Patient Health Questionnaire‐2 and ‐9 | Depressive relapse active monitoring alone which involved monthly supported self‐monitoring using the Patient Health Questionnaire‐2 and Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 |
| van Ravesteijn et al. (2013) Netherlands | MUS (patients fulfilled the DSM‐IV criteria of an undifferentiated somatoform disorder) (n = 125) | MBCT consisting of eight 2.5‐hr group sessions from experienced mindfulness trainers. Participants were instructed to practice at home 6 days a week for approximately 45 min a day | EUC provided by their GP and other health care professionals. It is considered EUC as all patients received a psychiatric interview and the GP was explicitly informed about the psychiatric diagnoses resulting from the interview |
| Wagner et al. (2014) Germany | EUPD (patients included if they met at least five BPD criteria according to DSM‐IV‐TR) (n = 47) | DBT with all patients receiving weekly individual therapy (50 Min), 89.4% of patients participated in a weekly skills training group (120 Min), telephone coaching was offered as needed and about 85% of the therapists participated in a weekly or biweekly consultation team (50 min). After the DBT treatment year, there was an option to continue individual therapy if indicated. | UC concerned the treatment received in the year before DBT |
ACT = acceptance and commitment therapy; BNF = British National Formulary; BPD = borderline personality disorder; CBT = cognitive behavioural therapy; DBT = dialectical behaviour therapy; DSM = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; EUC = enhanced usual care; EUPD = emotionally unstable personality disorder; GPs = general practitioners; MBCT = mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy; MBSR = mindfulness‐based stress reduction; MUS = medically unexplainable symptoms; NICE = National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; PTSD = post‐traumatic stress disorder; UC = usual care; WDI = workplace dialogue intervention.