Table 3.

Multilevel Models Examining Whether Share of Advertising Voice Moderates the Relationship Between Exposure to Point-of-Sale (POS) Advertising and Product Use 1 Year Later Among Alternative High School Students (N = 746)

Variables	Cigarettes			Electronic cigarettes, vaporizers, and vape pens			Cigars, cigarillos, and little cigars			Chewing tobacco, snuff, and dip
	β	SE	p	β	SE	p	β	SE	p	β	SE	p
Fixed effects
Level 1: students
Gender: male	0.31	0.09	<.001	0.63	0.10	<.001	0.78	0.11	<.001	0.96	0.22	<.001
Ethnicity: Hispanic	−0.86	0.14	<.001	−-0.60	0.14	<.001	−0.97	0.19	<.001	−1.23	0.24	<.001
Ethnicity: African American	−0.90	0.20	<.001	−-0.84	0.22	<.001	−0.30	0.20	.136	−1.38	0.38	<.001
Ethnicity: Other	−-0.39	0.21	.069	0.17	0.21	.403	−0.33	0.23	.167	−1.52	0.64	.019
Age	−-0.07	0.05	.182	0.01	0.06	.918	−0.04	0.06	.462	−0.07	0.11	.484
Prior use of tobacco products	0.88	0.10	<.001	0.97	0.12	<.001	0.46	0.12	<.001	0.23	0.20	.256
Prior exposure to other advertising	0.01	0.05	.780	0.11	0.05	0.025	0.13	0.05	.017	0.11	0.08	.170
Prior exposure to POS advertising	0.30	0.04	<.001	0.29	0.05	<.001	0.34	0.05	<.001	0.17	0.10	.107
Level 2: schools
Share of advertising voice	0.13	0.23	.577	−-0.05	0.22	.839	0.03	0.29	.907	0.25	0.49	.612
Cross-level interaction
Exposure to POS advertising × share of advertising voice	−-0.04	0.06	.550	0.27	0.07	<.001	−0.05	0.07	.418	0.56	0.19	.004
Random effects
Level 2: schools	0.46	0.19	.015	0.28	0.12	.019	0.40	0.18	.027	0.87	0.47	.068
−2 log-likelihood	2677			2179			2197			922
AIC	2702			2204			2221			946
BIC	2713			2215			2233			957

AIC = Akaike information criterion; BIC = Bayesian information criterion.