Table 1.
Demographic and Obstetric Outcomes (N=75)
| Maternal Characteristics | |
| Mean (SD) | |
| Mother’s age (years) | 27.85 (6.21) |
| Mother’s ethnicity | N (%) |
| Black | 20 (26.7%) |
| Hispanic/Latino | 39 (52.0%) |
| White | 4 (5.3%) |
| Asian | 3 (4.0%) |
| Others | 9 (12.0%) |
| Mother’s educational attainment | N (%) |
| Elementary school education | 5 (6.7%) |
| Some high school | 17 (22.7%) |
| High school diploma/GED | 16 (21.3%) |
| Some college | 16 (21.3%) |
| Associate degree | 10 (13.3%) |
| Bachelor’s degree | 4 (5.3%) |
| Graduate degree | 7 (9.3%) |
| Mother’s marital status | N (%) |
| Married | 24 (32.0%) |
| Common Law | 3 (4.0%) |
| Single | 48 (64.0%) |
| Divorced/Separated | 0 (0%) |
| Mother’s medical condition | N (%) |
| Obesity | 23 (30.7%) |
| Gestational Diabetes | 4 (5.3%) |
| Diabetes | 3 (4.0%) |
| Gestational Hypertension | 1 (1.3%) |
| Preeclampsia | 7 (9.3%) |
| Offspring Characteristics | |
| Gender | N (%) |
| Male | 40 (53.3%) |
| Female | 35 (46.7%) |
| Gestational age (weeks), Mean (SD) | 38.76 (3.24) |
| Birthweight (kg), Mean (SD) | 3.06 (0.62) |
| Preterm | 8 (10.7%) |
| C-section | 19 (25.3%) |
| NICU admission | 9 (12.0%) |
| Number of birth complications, Mean (SD) | 1.43 (.10) |
| Antenatal Stress | |
| Mean (SD), Medium | |
| (i) Prenatal depression | 8.26 (6.16), 7 |
| (ii) State & trait anxiety | |
| State anxiety | 38.07 (12.33), 35 |
| Trait anxiety | 38.74 (10.58), 37 |
| (iii) Pregnancy-related anxiety (total) | 5.89 (2.34), 6 |
| Fear of having handicapped child | 1.79 (0.92), 2 |
| Fear of appearance change | 1.84 (1.01), 2 |
| Fear of birth/delivery | 2.25 (1.15), 2 |
| (iv) Prenatal perceived stress | 36.36 (6.88), 37 |
| (v) Stressful life events (total) | 2.68 (2.65), 3 |
| Time took before sampling meconium (min) | 50.33 (10.91), 15 |