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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurobiol Dis. 2019 Apr 8;127:502–511. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.04.006

Figure 4. Seizures evoke respiratory abnormalities in Kcna1–/– mice.

Figure 4.

Video-plethysmography recordings of (A) stage 2, (C) stage 3, and (C) stage 5 behavioral seizures according to the Racine scale: stage 2 (head nodding); stage 3 (forelimb clonus); and stage 5 (rearing and falling with forelimb clonus). Stage 5 seizures typically exhibited deleterious respiratory abnormalities characterized by patterns of hyperventilation with tachypnea transitioning to prolonged ataxic breathing with or without apnea. Onset and termination of spontaneous behavioral seizures are denoted by dotted red lines. Various types of respiratory abnormalities are labeled with lines to indicate their corresponding duration. S, sigh; HV, hyperventilation; TP, tachypnea; BP, bradypnea; AP, apnea; ATX, ataxic breathing.