Table 3.

Characteristics of interventions based in opioid treatment settings (n=12).

Added intervention	First author(s) (or study name) and country	Study design	Intervention description	Number of patients in intervention	Key findings
HIV screening	Bartholow 2005 USA [53]	Randomized trial	People who inject drugs randomized to receive home HIV testing kits or traditional counseling and testing in three settings: methadone clinics, hospital-based detox, and syringe exchange	239 home testing; 249 traditional counseling and testing	Compared with traditional counseling and testing, home testing led to: increased HIV testing performed no significant difference in HIV test results received.
	Metsch 2012 & Schwartz 2013 USA [67, 73]	Randomized trial	People already enrolled in drug treatment programs cluster-randomized to referral for off-site HIV testing, on-site testing, or on-site testing with counseling	1,281	Compared with off-site referral for HIV testing, on-site HIV testing led to: significantly higher rates of HIV testing and feedback of results [73]. Compared with no sexual risk-reduction counseling, sexual risk-reduction counseling led to: no significant changes in sexual risk behaviors [67].
HIV Care	Babudieri 2011 Italy [51]	Cohort	PLWH with OUD offered directly-administered medications for HIV in residential drug treatment facilities	106 directly-observed; 106 self-administered	Compared with self-administering medications, directly-observed HIV medication management was associated with: higher likelihood of adherence higher likelihood of increased CD4 cell count no statistically significant difference in achieving undetectable HIV-1 RNA
	Conway 2004 Canada [54]	Cohort	PLWH with OUD offered directly-observed medications for HIV in methadone clinics	54	Directly-observed medications for HIV can be administered in a methadone clinic: regardless of ongoing cocaine use regardless of hepatitis C status
	Lucas 2004 & 2006 USA [63, 64]	Cohort	PLWH with OUD offered directly-observed medications for HIV in methadone clinics	38 [64] + 82 [63]	Compared with self-administered medications for HIV, directly-observed medications were associated with: likelihood of HIV-1 viral suppression likelihood of increased CD4 cell count
	Kinahan 2016 Ireland [58]	Cohort	PLWH with OUD offered medication management and directly-observed medications for HIV in a methadone clinic	19	After engaging with HIV care in the methadone clinic, there was: no significant change in percentage of urine tests positive for opioids no significant change in other drug use no significant change in attendance to methadone clinic a significant increase in participants who received directly-observed medications of HIV no significant change in HIV-1 RNA levels a significant mean increase in CD4 cell count
	Lucas 2013 USA [62]	Randomized trial	PLWH with OUD randomized to directly-observed medications for HIV in methadone clinics or self-administered medications	55 directly-observed, 52 self-administered	Compared with self-administered therapy, directly-observed therapy led to: no significant differences in adherence, average CD4 cell counts, change in HIV-1 RNA levels, opportunistic conditions, hospitalizations, mortality, or drug resistance
	Sánchez 2012 Spain [66]	Cohort	PLWH with OUD offered HIV medication management with psychosocial support in a methadone clinic	71	Compared to PLWH presumed to have acquired HIV through sexual transmission, those with OUD participating in this study: had similar rates of HIV-1 RNA suppression
	Sorensen 2012 USA [68]	Cohort	PLWH with OUD offered directly-observed medications for HIV in a methadone clinic	24	Directly-observed medications were associated with: high rates of retention improvement in HIV-1 RNA levels difficult transition to self-administration of HIV medications
HIV screening and HIV care	Achmad 2009 Indonesia [50]	Cohort	People who inject drugs offered HIV testing and HIV medication management in methadone clinics	35 patients starting HIV medication management in methadone clinics compared with 175 starting elsewhere	Compared with those starting HIV medications elsewhere, patients starting HIV medications in methadone clinics: Had no significant differences in mortality, non-adherence, loss to follow-up, or CD4 cell counts.
	Bachireddy 2014 Ukraine [52]	Cross-sectional	PLWH with OUD receive either co-located (OUD and HIV care at the same location), non-co-located (OUD and HIV care at different locations) or harm reduction only (syringe exchange and case management but no medications)	97 (co-located) 104 (non-co-located) 95 (harm reduction only)	Compared with non-co-located care and harm reduction-only care, co-located care was associated with Higher quality healthcare indicators Higher likelihood of HIV medication receipt Higher likelihood of tuberculosis preventive care No significant different in health-related quality of life
	Tran 2015 Vietnam [72]	Cross-sectional	Patients with OUD received methadone at clinics with and without HIV medication management	1,016	Compared with patients receiving methadone at clinics without HIV health care services availably on-site, those at sites with HIV care on-site were more likely to report patient satisfaction