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. 2019 Jun 21;9:9070. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45654-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Inhibitory effect of lupin seed extracts from ENERGY and E063 varieties and lupanine on nematode acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subtypes expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Figure shows representative recording traces from the Caenorhabditis elegans nicotine-sensitive AChR (a) and levamisole-sensitive AChR (b), and the H. contortus levamisole-sensitive AChR (c) after exposure to acetylcholine (ACh) alone or in the presence of ENERGY and E063 extracts. Concentrations (μM) are indicated above each trace. Bars indicate the time period of the drug application (ACh in black and lupin alkaloids in red). Panel d depicts lupanine concentration-response inhibition curves obtained on Cel-N-AChR (left), Cel-L-AChR (middle) and Hco-L-AChR-1 (right). Panel e displays acetylcholine concentration-response curves either alone (in black), or with 300 µM lupanine (in red) on Cel-N-AChR (left), Cel-L-AChR (middle) and Hco-L-AChR-1 (right).