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. 2019 Jun 21;9:9050. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45542-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Boiling histotripsy-induced breast cancer cell death stimulates M1 macrophage polarisation. (a) The morphological changes of macrophages from M0 to M1 like cells after co-cultured with the supernatant of the boiling histotripsy-treated breast cancer cells. A scale bar represents 100 μm. (b) Increases of M1 macrophage-related markers and decreases of M2 macrophage-related markers are shown. 50 boiling histotripsy pulses were used. (c,d) Reprogramed macrophages, from M2 to M1 like, after cultured with the supernatant obtained from the boiling histotripsy-treated cancer cells. CON = Control group (i.e., no boiling histotripsy exposure). BH = Boiling histotripsy. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001 and ****p ≤ 0.0001.