Table 1.

Biomarkers for various cells

Cell type	Representative biomarker	Function
Erythrocyte	CD47	A marker of self, interacts with SIRPα on macrophages to prevent the clearance.49,111
CD235a	A major RBC sialoglycoprotein, also known as glycophorin A.112
Macrophage	CD45, CD3z, CD11a, CD47	Biomarker and adhesion molecule used for vascular extravasation, immune evasion.65
Neutrophils	L-selectin, LFA-1, β1 integrin, CXCR4	Adhesion molecules.36
Monocyte	VLA4	Interaction with VCAM-1 expressed on the surface of tumor.113
Cancer cells	T antigen-galectin-3,73 EpCAM, Thomsen-Friedenreich glycoantigen74	Homotypic intercellular adhesion.
CD4750,114	Interaction with SIRPα expressed on myeloid cells to prevent phagocytosis;50,98 expression on cancer stem cells (CSCs) to cause cancer recurrence and protect CSCs from conventional anti-tumor therapies.99
MSCs	CCL25, sodium iodide symporter86–88	Homing to malignancies.
Platelet	P-selectin, αIIbβ3,115 Toll-like receptor 4,116 P-selectin and CLEC2,100 α6β1, αIIbβ3101	Interacting with tumor cells

Abbreviations: RBC, red blood cell; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell.