Table 2. Quality assessment of the included studies using the QUADAS tool.
| Study | Question about study design characteristic | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative patient spectrum | Reporting of selection criteria | Reference standard | Absence of disease progression bias | Absence of partial verification bias | Absence of differential verification bias | Absence of incorporation bias | Description of index text execution | Description of reference standard execution | Reference standard blinded | Index test blinded | Absence of clinical review bias | Reporting of uninterpretable/intermediate results | Withdrawal | |
| Swensen | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Swensen | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Yamashita | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Swensen | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Potente | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | No | Yes |
| Swensen | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Yi | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | No | Yes |
| Kim | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Jeong | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Iwano | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| da Silva | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Bai | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | No | Yes | Yes |
| Fan | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Shu | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Ye | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Chen | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | Yes | Yes |
| Herder | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Yi | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | No | Yes |
| Orlacchio | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Tsushima | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Degirmenci | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Jeong | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Kagna | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Schillaci | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Unclear | Yes |
| Sathekge | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Divisi | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Nguyen | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Li | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | Yes | Yes |
| Sebro | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Sim | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Zhang | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Demir | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Li | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| van Gómez López | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Dabrowska | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Ohno | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Wang | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Sahin | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Lee | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | No | Yes |