Table 3.
Associations between injury outcomes and population groups: results of univariate modelling
| Outcomes | ||||||
|
In-hospital death OR (95% CI) |
Number of complications IRR (95% CI) |
Care needed post index admission discharge OR (95% CI) |
Hospital cost (index admission) Beta coefficient (95% CI) | Length of stay (days) IRR (95% CI) | ||
| Age group (years) | ||||||
| 0–14 years | 0.03 (0.01–0.05) | 0.07 (0.06–0.08) | 1.48 (1.43–1.54) | − 0.86 (− 0.89--0.84) | 0.13 (0.13–0.13) | |
| 15–24 years | 0.03 (0.02–0.06) | 0.17 (0.16–0.18) | 0.83 (0.79–0.86) | − 0.61 (− 0.64--0.59) | 0.21 (0.20–0.21) | |
| 25–44 years | 0.10 (0.07–0.13) | 0.21 (0.20–0.22) | 0.76 (0.73–0.79) | − 0.53 (− 0.55--0.51) | 0.26 (0.26–0.27) | |
| 45–64 years | 0.16 (0.13–0.20) | 0.35 (0.33–0.36) | 0.76 (0.73–0.78) | − 0.37 (− 0.39--0.34) | 0.40 (0.40–0.41) | |
| 65–84 years | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| 85 and over | 2.78 (2.46–3.12) | 1.53 (1.45–1.62) | 1.78 (1.71–1.86) | 0.17 (0.14–0.19) | 1.36 (1.33–1.39) | |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| Female | 1.26 (1.14–1.41) | 1.79 (1.73–1.86) | 1.08 (1.06–1.11) | 0.09 (0.07–0.10) | 1.73 (1.71–1.75) | |
| Number of comorbidities | ||||||
| 0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| 1 | 5.23 (4.55–6.01) | 3.26 (3.11–3.41) | 1.23 (1.19–1.27) | 0.53 (0.51–0.55) | 2.59 (2.54–2.64) | |
| 2 | 14.53 (12.46–16.94) | 5.80 (5.36–6.27) | 1.76 (1.66–1.86) | 1.14 (1.10–1.17) | 3.99 (3.86–4.12) | |
| 3 | 22.08 (18.25–26.70) | 7.76 (6.85–8.79) | 1.90 (1.73–2.09) | 1.47 (1.41–1.52) | 5.00 (4.75–5.27) | |
| > 3 | 36.16 (28.88–45.28) | 10.92 (9.07–13.16) | 2.45 (2.13–2.83) | 1.94 (1.86–2.02) | 6.93 (6.41–7.49) | |
| Injury severity | ||||||
| Serious injury (ICISS< 0.941) | 17.56 (15.60–19.76) | 8.83 (8.48–9.19) | 1.81 (1.75–1.87) | 1.46 (1.44–1.48) | 5.08 (4.99–5.17) | |
| Other injury (ICISS> = 0.941) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| Body region | ||||||
| Head | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| Neck | 1.02 (0.74–1.41) | 1.76 (1.58–1.96) | 0.82 (0.75–0.90) | 0.28 (0.24–0.32) | 1.75 (1.67–1.82) | |
| Thorax | 1.12 (0.89–1.41) | 2.65 (2.45–2.86) | 0.85 (0.79–0.91) | 0.59 (0.56–0.63) | 1.96 (1.90–2.02) | |
| Abdomen, lower back, lumbar spine & pelvis | 0.94 (0.75–1.17) | 2.71 (2.53–2.91) | 1.21 (1.15–1.28) | 0.60 (0.57–0.63) | 2.52 (2.45–2.59) | |
| Shoulder & upper arm | 0.55 (0.42–0.70) | 1.38 (1.28–1.48) | 1.22 (1.16–1.28) | 0.59 (0.56–0.62) | 1.42 (1.38–1.46) | |
| Elbow & forearm | 0.11 (0.07–0.17) | 0.64 (0.59–0.68) | 1.45 (1.38–1.52) | 0.53 (0.50–0.55) | 0.76 (0.74–0.78) | |
| Wrist & hand | 0.02 (0.01–0.05) | 0.18 (0.16–0.19) | 1.60 (1.54–1.67) | 0.23 (0.20–0.25) | 0.40 (0.39–0.41) | |
| Hip & thigh | 3.35 (2.90–3.86) | 7.10 (6.68–7.54) | 2.25 (2.15–2.36) | 1.60 (1.57–1.62) | 4.47 (4.36–4.59) | |
| Knee & lower leg | 0.22 (0.16–0.29) | 1.34 (1.26–1.42) | 1.18 (1.13–1.23) | 0.92 (0.89–0.94) | 1.67 (1.63–1.70) | |
| Ankle & foot | 0.10 (0.05–0.22) | 0.64 (0.58–0.71) | 1.11 (1.04–1.19) | 0.34 (0.30–0.37) | 0.94 (0.91–0.98) | |
| Foreign body | 0.35 (0.19–0.64) | 0.45 (0.38–0.53) | 1.14 (1.03–1.25) | − 0.04 (− 0.09–0.01) | 0.40 (0.38–0.43) | |
| Burns | 0.28 (0.12–0.62) | 1.94 (1.68–2.23) | 1.84 (1.66–2.04) | 0.43 (0.38–0.49) | 1.71 (1.62–1.81) | |
| Multiple body regions | ## | 1.11 (0.38–3.23) | 0.95 (0.41–2.18) | 0.07 (−0.37–0.51) | 1.63 (1.10–2.41) | |
| Unspecified body region | 0.31 (0.08–1.24) | 0.85 (0.63–1.14) | 0.68 (0.54–0.86) | 0.07 (− 0.05–0.19) | 1.26 (1.14–1.40) | |
| Body region not relevant | 0.75 (0.60–0.94) | 1.18 (1.10–1.27) | 1.06 (1.01–1.12) | 0.10 (0.07–0.12) | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | |
| Grouped injury type (first occurring) | ||||||
| Superficial injury | 0.10 (0.07–0.14) | 0.29 (0.26–0.32) | 0.50 (0.47–0.53) | −1.03 (−1.06--1.00) | 0.44 (0.43–0.46) | |
| Open wound | 0.05 (0.03–0.06) | 0.17 (0.16–0.18) | 0.87 (0.84–0.90) | − 0.88 (− 0.90--0.86) | 0.31 (0.30–0.32) | |
| Fracture | 0.27 (0.24–0.31) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| Dislocation, sprain & strain | 0.04 (0.02–0.06) | 0.20 (0.18–0.22) | 0.36 (0.34–0.38) | −0.87 (− 0.90--0.84) | 0.27 (0.26–0.28) | |
| Injury to nerves & spinal cord | 0.12 (0.07–0.23) | 0.42 (0.36–0.49) | 0.95 (0.87–1.05) | −0.22 (− 0.27--0.16) | 0.72 (0.68–0.76) | |
| Injury to blood vessels | 0.12 (0.06–0.25) | 0.30 (0.25–0.37) | 0.89 (0.79–1.00) | −0.03 (− 0.10–0.04) | 0.43 (0.40–0.46) | |
| Injury to muscle & tendon | 0.01 (0.01–0.03) | 0.16 (0.14–0.17) | 0.60 (0.57–0.63) | −0.57 (− 0.61--0.54) | 0.26 (0.26–0.27) | |
| Crushing injury | ## | 0.04 (0.02–0.09) | 0.76 (0.59–0.97) | − 1.13 (− 1.28--0.98) | 0.18 (0.15–0.21) | |
| Traumatic amputation | 0.01 (0.00–0.10) | 0.24 (0.20–0.30) | 1.12 (1.01–1.25) | − 0.36 (− 0.42--0.29) | 0.31 (0.29–0.33) | |
| Eye injury- excluding foreign body | 0.05 (0.01–0.33) | 0.31 (0.22–0.43) | 1.97 (1.64–2.37) | − 0.54 (− 0.64--0.43) | 0.39 (0.35–0.44) | |
| Intracranial injury | Reference | 1.05 (0.96–1.13) | 0.49 (0.46–0.53) | −0.59 (− 0.62--0.56) | 1.03 (1.00–1.07) | |
| Injury to internal organs | 0.36 (0.24–0.54) | 1.64 (1.42–1.89) | 0.77 (0.69–0.86) | 0.40 (0.34–0.46) | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | |
| Foreign body | 0.09 (0.05–0.17) | 0.17 (0.14–0.20) | 0.68 (0.62–0.75) | − 0.99 (− 1.03--0.94) | 0.19 (0.18–0.20) | |
| Burns | 0.07 (0.03–0.17) | 0.73 (0.63–0.85) | 1.10 (0.99–1.21) | − 0.51 (− 0.57--0.46) | 0.79 (0.75–0.84) | |
| Other and unspecified injury | 0.08 (0.06–0.11) | 0.23 (0.22–0.25) | 0.41 (0.39–0.43) | − 1.20 (− 1.22--1.18) | 0.42 (0.41–0.43) | |
| Systemic-poisoning/toxic effects | 0.12 (0.09–0.16) | 0.39 (0.36–0.42) | 0.64 (0.61–0.67) | −0.91 (− 0.93--0.88) | 0.40 (0.39–0.41) | |
| Other effects of external cause/complication | 0.92 (0.67–1.27) | 0.91 (0.76–1.09) | 0.62 (0.54–0.72) | −0.34 (− 0.41--0.27) | 1.03 (0.96–1.10) | |
| SEIFA | ||||||
| 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| 2 | 1.03 (0.78–1.35) | 1.04 (0.95–1.15) | 1.08 (1.02–1.14) | 0.16 (0.12–0.19) | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) | |
| 3 | 1.22 (0.96–1.56) | 1.14 (1.04–1.24) | 0.84 (0.79–0.89) | 0.10 (0.07–0.14) | 1.05 (1.02–1.09) | |
| 4 | 0.99 (0.79–1.24) | 0.90 (0.83–0.97) | 1.00 (0.96–1.05) | −0.04 (−0.07--0.02) | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | |
| 5 | 0.93 (0.72–1.22) | 0.83 (0.76–0.91) | 0.94 (0.89–0.99) | 0.02 (−0.01–0.05) | 0.88 (0.85–0.91) | |
| 6 | 0.82 (0.63–1.08) | 0.82 (0.75–0.89) | 0.82 (0.77–0.86) | −0.03 (− 0.06–0.00) | 0.89 (0.86–0.92) | |
| 7 | 0.73 (0.55–0.97) | 1.01 (0.92–1.10) | 0.80 (0.76–0.84) | − 0.05 (− 0.08--0.02) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | |
| 8 | 0.92 (0.75–1.14) | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) | 0.58 (0.56–0.61) | −0.07 (− 0.10--0.04) | 0.96 (0.93–0.98) | |
| 9 | 0.95 (0.77–1.17) | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) | 0.73 (0.70–0.76) | − 0.10 (− 0.13--0.08) | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | |
| 10 | 0.98 (0.79–1.21) | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | 0.50 (0.47–0.52) | −0.09 (− 0.12--0.06) | 1.04 (1.02–1.07) | |
| 999 | ## | ## | ## | 0.03 (−2.33–2.40) | 0.18 (0.02–1.74) | |
| Outcomes | ||||||
| ICU stay OR (95% CI) |
MV use OR (95% CI) |
CCU stay OR (95% CI) | 30 day-all-cause readmission OR (95% CI) | 30 day-non-planned readmission OR (95% CI) | 30 day-potentially avoidable readmission OR (95% CI) | |
| Age group (years) | ||||||
| 0–14 years | 0.21 (0.18–0.25) | 0.30 (0.24–0.39) | 0.05 (0.02–0.10) | 0.31 (0.29–0.32) | 0.34 (0.31–0.37) | 0.43 (0.38–0.48) |
| 15–24 years | 0.87 (0.79–0.96) | 1.55 (1.34–1.79) | 0.35 (0.26–0.46) | 0.41 (0.39–0.43) | 0.47 (0.44–0.50) | 0.54 (0.49–0.60) |
| 25–44 years | 1.02 (0.94–1.11) | 1.87 (1.64–2.13) | 0.33 (0.26–0.42) | 0.50 (0.48–0.52) | 0.58 (0.55–0.62) | 0.75 (0.69–0.82) |
| 45–64 years | 1.06 (0.97–1.16) | 1.62 (1.42–1.86) | 0.61 (0.49–0.75) | 0.64 (0.61–0.67) | 0.65 (0.62–0.69) | 0.83 (0.76–0.91) |
| 65–84 years | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 85 and over | 0.70 (0.62–0.79) | 0.33 (0.25–0.43) | 1.02 (0.83–1.27) | 1.13 (1.08–1.19) | 1.26 (1.19–1.34) | 1.06 (0.96–1.17) |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Female | 0.89 (0.84–0.95) | 0.71 (0.65–0.77) | 1.32 (1.13–1.54) | 1.29 (1.25–1.33) | 1.21 (1.16–1.25) | 1.01 (0.96–1.08) |
| Number of comorbidities | ||||||
| 0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 1 | 4.46 (4.15–4.78) | 4.86 (4.41–5.35) | 3.32 (2.76–4.00) | 1.72 (1.65–1.79) | 1.83 (1.74–1.92) | 1.42 (1.31–1.54) |
| 2 | 9.10 (8.32–9.96) | 9.07 (8.01–10.27) | 7.50 (6.01–9.37) | 2.35 (2.20–2.52) | 2.59 (2.39–2.80) | 1.87 (1.65–2.12) |
| 3 | 9.52 (8.33–10.88) | 8.99 (7.46–10.83) | 8.00 (5.78–11.08) | 2.77 (2.49–3.07) | 3.06 (2.72–3.45) | 2.32 (1.93–2.79) |
| > 3 | 15.03 (12.69–17.80) | 9.67 (7.43–12.59) | 13.74 (9.45–20.00) | 3.95 (3.41–4.58) | 4.65 (3.96–5.46) | 3.10 (2.41–3.98) |
| Injury severity | ||||||
| Serious injury (ICISS< 0.941) | 8.65 (8.14–9.19) | 8.15 (7.49–8.87) | 2.87 (2.42–3.39) | 1.78 (1.71–1.86) | 1.98 (1.89–2.08) | 1.88 (1.75–2.03) |
| Other injury (ICISS> = 0.941) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Body region | ||||||
| Head | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Neck | 1.44 (1.20–1.73) | 0.97 (0.76–1.23) | 1.13 (0.63–2.03) | 1.00 (0.89–1.13) | 1.05 (0.92–1.20) | 1.13 (0.90–1.40) |
| Thorax | 2.95 (2.64–3.28) | 1.32 (1.13–1.54) | 2.41 (1.73–3.35) | 1.47 (1.36–1.58) | 1.43 (1.31–1.56) | 1.29 (1.10–1.50) |
| Abdomen, lower back, lumbar spine & pelvis | 1.23 (1.08–1.40) | 0.57 (0.47–0.69) | 0.98 (0.65–1.48) | 1.67 (1.56–1.79) | 1.57 (1.45–1.70) | 1.58 (1.38–1.80) |
| Shoulder & upper arm | 0.29 (0.23–0.36) | 0.10 (0.07–0.15) | 1.01 (0.69–1.48) | 1.45 (1.35–1.55) | 1.17 (1.08–1.27) | 1.60 (1.41–1.81) |
| Elbow & forearm | 0.10 (0.07–0.13) | 0.04 (0.02–0.07) | 0.91 (0.64–1.29) | 1.23 (1.15–1.31) | 0.93 (0.86–1.00) | 1.38 (1.22–1.55) |
| Wrist & hand | 0.03 (0.02–0.05) | 0.02 (0.01–0.03) | 0.66 (0.47–0.92) | 0.75 (0.70–0.79) | 0.58 (0.54–0.63) | 0.90 (0.80–1.01) |
| Hip & thigh | 1.46 (1.30–1.63) | 0.27 (0.21–0.34) | 2.54 (1.92–3.37) | 1.92 (1.81–2.04) | 1.70 (1.58–1.82) | 1.78 (1.59–2.01) |
| Knee & lower leg | 0.24 (0.20–0.29) | 0.08 (0.06–0.11) | 0.89 (0.64–1.24) | 1.11 (1.05–1.18) | 0.88 (0.82–0.95) | 1.46 (1.31–1.63) |
| Ankle & foot | 0.09 (0.05–0.14) | 0.04 (0.02–0.10) | 0.42 (0.20–0.87) | 1.13 (1.03–1.24) | 1.06 (0.95–1.18) | 1.77 (1.52–2.06) |
| Foreign body | 0.54 (0.40–0.74) | 0.34 (0.22–0.53) | 1.27 (0.68–2.38) | 0.85 (0.73–0.97) | 0.74 (0.62–0.88) | 0.58 (0.42–0.81) |
| Burns | 2.15 (1.76–2.64) | 1.82 (1.43–2.33) | 1.16 (0.54–2.51) | 1.57 (1.38–1.80) | 1.78 (1.53–2.06) | 3.32 (2.75–4.02) |
| Multiple body regions | 0.92 (0.13–6.72) | ## | ## | 2.31 (1.00–5.32) | 1.71 (0.60–4.87) | ## |
| Unspecified body region | 0.12 (0.03–0.49) | ## | ## | 1.56 (1.22–1.98) | 1.22 (0.90–1.65) | 0.92 (0.51–1.64) |
| Body region not relevant | 5.39 (4.94–5.90) | 3.91 (3.52–4.34) | 3.80 (2.90–4.97) | 1.58 (1.48–1.69) | 1.42 (1.31–1.53) | 1.11 (0.97–1.28) |
| Grouped injury type (first occurring) | ||||||
| Superficial injury | 0.33 (0.25–0.43) | 0.57 (0.39–0.85) | 0.41 (0.24–0.69) | 0.80 (0.74–0.86) | 0.88 (0.81–0.97) | 0.50 (0.42–0.59) |
| Open wound | 0.18 (0.14–0.22) | 0.33 (0.24–0.45) | 0.57 (0.43–0.75) | 0.63 (0.60–0.66) | 0.65 (0.61–0.69) | 0.58 (0.52–0.63) |
| Fracture | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Dislocation, sprain & strain | 0.12 (0.08–0.17) | 0.05 (0.01–0.14) | 0.25 (0.14–0.43) | 0.57 (0.53–0.61) | 0.59 (0.54–0.64) | 0.48 (0.41–0.55) |
| Injury to nerves & spinal cord | 1.19 (0.90–1.57) | 2.81 (1.98–4.01) | 0.51 (0.21–1.23) | 0.59 (0.51–0.69) | 0.66 (0.54–0.80) | 0.55 (0.41–0.74) |
| Injury to blood vessels | 1.66 (1.24–2.21) | 3.73 (2.56–5.43) | 1.06 (0.50–2.25) | 0.54 (0.44–0.66) | 0.56 (0.43–0.71) | 0.42 (0.28–0.63) |
| Injury to muscle & tendon | 0.08 (0.05–0.14) | 0.06 (0.02–0.18) | 0.32 (0.18–0.56) | 0.51 (0.47–0.55) | 0.49 (0.44–0.55) | 0.46 (0.39–0.54) |
| Crushing injury | ## | ## | ## | 0.55 (0.37–0.81) | 0.47 (0.28–0.81) | 0.21 (0.07–0.66) |
| Traumatic amputation | 0.30 (0.17–0.55) | 0.92 (0.48–1.79) | 0.25 (0.06–1.02) | 0.81 (0.69–0.94) | 0.73 (0.60–0.89) | 0.98 (0.77–1.26) |
| Eye injury- excluding foreign body | 0.36 (0.14–0.97) | 0.68 (0.17–2.72) | 0.42 (0.06–2.99) | 1.45 (1.15–1.82) | 1.60 (1.23–2.09) | 1.15 (0.75–1.75) |
| Intracranial injury | 4.67 (4.23–5.16) | 13.53 (11.80–15.53) | 1.27 (0.91–1.79) | 0.83 (0.77–0.91) | 1.07 (0.98–1.18) | 0.75 (0.64–0.87) |
| Injury to internal organs | 14.69 (13.01–16.59) | 19.37 (16.12–23.28) | 2.17 (1.35–3.51) | 1.02 (0.88–1.17) | 1.46 (1.25–1.69) | 1.05 (0.83–1.34) |
| Foreign body | 0.73 (0.54–1.00) | 1.33 (0.85–2.06) | 0.86 (0.47–1.57) | 0.59 (0.52–0.68) | 0.63 (0.53–0.74) | 0.33 (0.24–0.46) |
| Burns | 2.90 (2.38–3.54) | 7.03 (5.46–9.04) | 0.78 (0.37–1.66) | 1.11 (0.97–1.26) | 1.50 (1.30–1.73) | 1.91 (1.60–2.28) |
| Other and unspecified injury | 0.14 (0.10–0.19) | 0.25 (0.16–0.39) | 0.34 (0.22–0.52) | 0.86 (0.81–0.91) | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 0.35 (0.30–0.40) |
| Systemic-poisoning/toxic effects | 7.56 (7.00–8.16) | 15.46 (13.69–17.46) | 2.63 (2.13–3.23) | 1.13 (1.07–1.20) | 1.21 (1.13–1.30) | 0.61 (0.53–0.70) |
| Other effects of external cause/complication | 5.02 (4.13–6.10) | 11.65 (9.08–14.95) | 2.07 (1.16–3.70) | 0.97 (0.82–1.15) | 1.07 (0.87–1.31) | 0.87 (0.64–1.19) |
| SEIFA | ||||||
| 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 2 | 0.94 (0.81–1.08) | 0.85 (0.69–1.06) | 0.39 (0.20–0.76) | 1.12 (1.04–1.22) | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) | 0.97 (0.83–1.12) |
| 3 | 1.07 (0.94–1.22) | 0.93 (0.76–1.13) | 2.21 (1.54–3.17) | 1.06 (0.98–1.14) | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) |
| 4 | 0.85 (0.76–0.96) | 0.97 (0.82–1.15) | 1.26 (0.88–1.81) | 1.08 (1.01–1.15) | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) | 0.94 (0.84–1.06) |
| 5 | 0.74 (0.64–0.85) | 0.88 (0.72–1.08) | 0.94 (0.60–1.48) | 0.91 (0.84–0.99) | 0.86 (0.78–0.94) | 0.88 (0.76–1.01) |
| 6 | 0.77 (0.67–0.88) | 0.98 (0.81–1.18) | 1.16 (0.77–1.75) | 1.03 (0.96–1.11) | 0.99 (0.91–1.08) | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) |
| 7 | 0.74 (0.65–0.85) | 0.81 (0.67–0.99) | 1.20 (0.80–1.81) | 0.97 (0.90–1.05) | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) | 0.93 (0.81–1.06) |
| 8 | 0.73 (0.65–0.81) | 0.88 (0.75–1.03) | 1.70 (1.23–2.34) | 1.04 (0.97–1.10) | 0.93 (0.87–1.00) | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) |
| 9 | 0.68 (0.61–0.77) | 0.75 (0.63–0.88) | 1.62 (1.17–2.25) | 1.10 (1.03–1.17) | 0.92 (0.86–0.99) | 0.85 (0.76–0.95) |
| 10 | 0.65 (0.57–0.73) | 0.77 (0.65–0.91) | 1.59 (1.14–2.22) | 1.13 (1.06–1.20) | 0.85 (0.79–0.92) | 0.81 (0.72–0.91) |
| 999 | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## |
Notes
## Omitted from analysis due to zero observations with outcome