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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jun 22.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Rev. 2019 Mar 27;119(8):5298–5415. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00593

Figure 18.

Figure 18.

(A and B) SEM and TEM images of the anatase nanofibers obtained by calcination of the composite nanofibers comprised of PVP and amorphous TiO2 in air at 500 °C for 3 h. (C and D) High-magnification SEM images of anatase and rutile nanofibers, respectively, obtained by calcinating amorphous TiO2 in air at 500 and 1000 °C. (E) TEM image of one representative Zr-doped TiO2 nanofiber and the elemental maps of Ti, Zr, and O in the nanofiber. (F) SEM images at low and high (the inset) magnifications show the nanorod-on-nanofiber hierarchical nanostructure consisting of V2O5 nanorods grown on the surfaces of TiO2 nanofibers. (A and B) Reprinted with permission from ref 132. Copyright 2003 American Chemical Society. (C and D) Reprinted with permission from ref 42. Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society. (E) Reprinted with permission from ref 301. Copyright 2017 Springer Nature. (F) Reprinted with permission from ref 302. Copyright 2006 American Chemical Society.