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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jun 22.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Rev. 2019 Mar 27;119(8):5298–5415. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00593

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

(A) Diagram showing the path of an electrospun jet. (B) Characteristic interference colors observed in the straight segment of a jet comprised of aqueous PEO, providing live information about the jet diameter and length of straight segment as a function of the applied voltage.(C) Schematic illustration of the forces acting on a charged jet. The perturbed segment is forced by FDO downward and outward by the charges above the perturbed region. At the same time, the perturbed segment is forced by FUO upward and outward by the charges below the perturbation. The net force, FR (the lateral electrostatic force), is along a radial direction with respect to the straight jet, and it grows exponentially with time as the radial displacement of the segment increases. FR is responsible for the bending of the jet. (D) Stereographic image showing the instantaneous position of the bending jet during the different stages of bending instabilities. (A, B, and D) Adapted with permission from ref 47. Copyright 2006 American Chemical Society. (C) Reprinted with permission from ref 50. Copyright 2008 Elsevier.