Figure 54.

(A) SEM image showing the uniaxially aligned nanofibers made of a blend of chitosan, gelatin, PLA, and PEO. (B) Immunofluorescence micrograph showing tenogenic differentiation of human iPSCs-derived MSCs on the nanofibers in panel A. Cells were stained with MKX antibody for monitoring tenogenic phenotype. Cytoskeletons were stained by tetraethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate-conjugated phalloidin, while cell nuclei were stained by 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. (C) SEM image showing the morphology of coiled PCL fibers. (D) Immunofluorescence micro-graph showing the differentiation of bone marrow-derived MSCs into fibroblasts and proto-myofibroblasts after incubation on the fibers in panel C for 5 weeks. Cells were stained with FSP1 antibody to reveal fibroblastic phenotype and α-SMA antibody to reveal myofibroblastic phenotype. Cell nuclei were stained with Hoechst. (E) SEM image showing porous fibers made of a blend of poly(ethylene oxide terephthalate) and poly(butylene terephthalate) fabricated by electro-spinning under a relative humidity of 70%. (F) SEM image showing the generation of island-like chitosan protrusions on PLA nanofibers. (A and B) Reprinted with permission from ref 806. Copyright 2015 Elsevier. (C and D) Reprinted with permission from ref 809. Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society. (E) Reproduced with permission from ref 811. Copyright 2017 Elsevier. (F) Reprinted with permission from ref 812. Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society.