Table 1.
Population characteristics and mobility metrics by region and sex
| Full sample |
Western Kenya |
Eastern Uganda |
South western Uganda |
p value | Men | Women | p value |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N / Weighted n | 2308 | 1187 | 544 | 577 | 998.8 | 1309.2 | ||
| HIV prevalence (%) | 304.2 (13.2) | 248.3 (20.9) | 14.8 (2.7) | 41.1 (7.1) | <0.001 | 105.7 (10.6) | 198.5 (15.2) | <0.001 |
| Region (%) | NA | 0.121 | ||||||
| Western Kenya | 1187.0 (51.4) | 1187.0 (100.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 509.5 (51.0) | 677.5 (51.7) | ||
| Eastern Uganda | 544.0 (23.6) | 0.0 (0.0) | 544.0 (100.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 244.0 (24.4) | 300.0 (22.9) | ||
| South western Uganda | 577.0 (25.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 577.0 (100.0) | 245.3 (24.6) | 331.7 (25.3) | ||
| Age (Mean (SD)) | 37.87 (16.87) | 38.71 (16.38) | 34.80 (16.19) | 39.03 (18.14) | 0.011 | 37.61 (17.21) | 38.06 (16.61) | 0.615 |
| 10-year Age Band (%) | 0.048 | 0.273 | ||||||
| 16-24 | 540.1 (23.4) | 248.5 (20.9) | 171.0 (31.4) | 120.6 (20.9) | 254.1 (25.4) | 286.0 (21.8) | ||
| 25-34 | 639.6 (27.7) | 328.1 (27.6) | 143.0 (26.3) | 168.5 (29.2) | 262.2 (26.2) | 377.4 (28.8) | ||
| 35-44 | 474.3 (20.6) | 251.4 (21.2) | 106.1 (19.5) | 116.9 (20.3) | 214.5 (21.5) | 259.9 (19.8) | ||
| 45-54 | 254.5 (11.0) | 129.4 (10.9) | 62.9 (11.6) | 62.3 (10.8) | 94.7 (9.5) | 159.8 (12.2) | ||
| 55-64 | 200.3 (8.7) | 122.2 (10.3) | 29.6 (5.4) | 48.5 (8.4) | 85.7 (8.6) | 114.6 (8.8) | ||
| 65 and older | 199.2 (8.6) | 107.5 (9.1) | 31.4 (5.8) | 60.2 (10.4) | 87.6 (8.8) | 111.5 (8.5) | ||
| Sex (Women (%)) | 1309.2 (56.7) | 677.5 (57.1) | 300.0 (55.1) | 331.7 (57.5) | 0.121 | 0.0 (0.0) | 1309.2 (100.0) | <0.001 |
| Marital Status (%) | 0.193 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Divorced, Separated, Widowed, Missing | 379.4 (16.4) | 210.6 (17.7) | 63.2 (11.6) | 105.5 (18.3) | 56.1 (5.6) | 323.3 (24.7) | ||
| Currently married | 1604.4 (69.5) | 827.0 (69.7) | 389.1 (71.5) | 388.3 (67.3) | 757.3 (75.8) | 847.1 (64.7) | ||
| Currently single | 324.2 (14.0) | 149.4 (12.6) | 91.7 (16.9) | 83.1 (14.4) | 185.4 (18.6) | 138.8 (10.6) | ||
| Education level | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| No Schooling | 315.2 (13.7) | 91.9 (7.8) | 95.5 (17.7) | 127.9 (22.2) | 75.4 (7.6) | 239.8 (18.4) | ||
| Primary/Secondary | 1890.4 (82.3) | 1057.0 (89.6) | 428.4 (79.2) | 405.0 (70.2) | 870.2 (87.8) | 1020.2 (78.1) | ||
| Post-secondary | 91.5 (4.0) | 30.5 (2.6) | 16.9 (3.1) | 44.1 (7.6) | 45.1 (4.6) | 46.5 (3.6) | ||
| Household wealth: Poorest quantile (%) | 331.8 (14.4) | 122.6 (10.3) | 100.2 (18.4) | 109.0 (18.9) | 0.007 | 163.1 (16.3) | 168.8 (12.9) | 0.13 |
| Occupation (%) | 0.246 | <0.001 | ||||||
| (Informal low risk) | ||||||||
| Farming/livestock (exclusively) | 1338.4 (58.0) | 549.4 (46.3) | 457.1 (84.0) | 331.8 (57.5) | 538.5 (53.9) | 799.9 (61.1) | ||
| Student | 29.7 (1.3) | 29.7 (2.5) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 28.8 (2.9) | 0.9 (0.1) | ||
| Construction/artisanal labor | 66.2 (2.9) | 41.9 (3.5) | 0.0 (0.0) | 24.3 (4.2) | 65.4 (6.6) | 0.7 (0.1) | ||
| Shopkeeper/market vendor | 290.6 (12.6) | 174.2 (14.7) | 24.9 (4.6) | 91.4 (15.8) | 89.2 (8.9) | 201.3 (15.4) | ||
| Household worker/housewife | 6.1 (0.3) | 5.5 (0.5) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.6 (0.1) | 3.5 (0.4) | 2.6 (0.2) | ||
| Other/Missing | 185.0 (8.0) | 95.1 (8.0) | 29.7 (5.5) | 60.2 (10.4) | 68.5 (6.9) | 116.5 (8.9) | ||
| (Formal) | ||||||||
| Government/military/teacher/healthcare | 104.4 (4.5) | 45.6 (3.8) | 20.1 (3.7) | 38.6 (6.7) | 44.1 (4.4) | 60.3 (4.6) | ||
| Factory worker/mining | 5.3 (0.2) | 4.6 (0.4) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.8 (0.1) | 3.1 (0.3) | 2.2 (0.2) | ||
| (Informal high risk) | ||||||||
| Fishing/fish trade | 201.0 (8.7) | 196.5 (16.6) | 3.1 (0.6) | 1.4 (0.2) | 99.3 (9.9) | 101.7 (7.8) | ||
| Hotel/restaurant/bar worker | 38.5 (1.7) | 13.7 (1.2) | 9.0 (1.7) | 15.8 (2.7) | 17.5 (1.8) | 21.0 (1.6) | ||
| Transport driver/tourism | 42.7 (1.9) | 30.6 (2.6) | 0.0 (0.0) | 12.1 (2.1) | 40.6 (4.1) | 2.1 (0.2) | ||
| Short-term mobility (travel to and from residences) | ||||||||
| Past 6 months mobility (>=1 nights away) | ||||||||
| Any labor-related travel, past 6 mo.(%) | 201.7 (8.7) | 136.8 (11.5) | 5.9 (1.1) | 59.0 (10.2) | 0.005 | 171.7 (17.2) | 30.1 (2.3) | <0.001 |
| No. labor-related trips (mean (SD)) | 0.9 (8.4) | 1.4 (11.2) | 0.1 (1.1) | 0.7 (4.6) | 0.031 | 1.6 (11.3) | 0.3 (5.1) | 0.044 |
| No. nights away, labor-related travel (mean (SD)) | 2.7 (15.4) | 2.9 (15.9) | 0.4 (5.9) | 4.4 (19.7) | 0.011 | 5.0 (20.9) | 0.9 (8.8) | 0.009 |
| Any other travel, past 6 mo.(%) | 1013.4 (43.9) | 700.2 (59.0) | 38.6 (7.1) | 274.6 (47.6) | <0.001 | 307.5 (30.8) | 705.9 (53.9) | 0.001 |
| No. non-work trips (mean (SD)) | 1.0 (1.9) | 1.4 (2.3) | 0.2 (0.7) | 0.8 (1.5) | <0.001 | 0.58 (1.39) | 1.2 (2.2) | 0.006 |
| No. nights away, non-work travel (mean (SD)) | 4.6 (13.4) | 5.8 (13.2) | 1.5 (9.2) | 5.0 (16.4) | <0.001 | 3.0 (11.68) | 5.8 (14.5) | 0.012 |
| Past 1 month: Recent mobility (>=1 nights away) | ||||||||
| Any labor-related travel, past 1 mo.(%) | 112.8 (4.9) | 80.4 (6.8) | 5.9 (1.1) | 26.5 (4.6) | 0.013 | 95.2 (9.5) | 17.7 (1.3) | <0.001 |
| No. labor-related trips (mean (SD)) | 0.2 (1.5) | 0.3 (2.0) | 0.0 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.8) | 0.042 | 0.3 (2.1) | 0.01 (0.8) | 0.036 |
| No. nights away, labor-related travel (mean (SD)) | 0.4 (2.9) | 0.5 (3.1) | 0.1 (1.3) | 0.6 (3.3) | 0.02 | 0.9 (4.0) | 0.1 (1.5) | 0.02 |
| Any other travel, past 1 mo.(%) | 483.5 (20.9) | 299.1 (25.2) | 38.5 (7.1) | 145.9 (25.3) | <0.001 | 146.4 (14.7) | 337.1 (25.7) | 0.002 |
| No. non-work trips (mean (SD)) | 0.3 (0.6) | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.1 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.56) | <0.001 | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.032 |
| No. nights away, non-work travel (mean (SD)) | 1.0 (3.5) | 1.1 (3.5) | 0.6 (3.2) | 1.1 (3.9) | 0.054 | 0.9 (3.8) | 1.0 (3.3) | 0.625 |
| Reasons for travelling (among those reporting travel) | ||||||||
| Most common reason for labor-related travel (%) | 0.006 | 0.123 | ||||||
| Artisanal labor (e.g. construction) | 28.9 (21.7) | 21.4 (26.0) | 1.0 (16.9) | 6.5 (14.5) | 28.9 (28.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | ||
| Farming (own plot or others' plots) | 11.2 (8.4) | 3.2 (3.9) | 0.2 (4.2) | 7.7 (17.2) | 8.8 (8.5) | 2.4 (8.1) | ||
| Fishing | 20.6 (15.5) | 19.5 (23.7) | 0.1 (1.8) | 1.0 (2.2) | 18.3 (17.7) | 2.3 (7.6) | ||
| Looking for work | 12.8 (9.6) | 2.8 (3.4) | 3.2 (54.2) | 6.8 (15.1) | 5.7 (5.5) | 7.1 (23.7) | ||
| Market trading (including buying stock to sell) | 59.6 (44.8) | 35.4 (43.0) | 1.4 (22.9) | 22.9 (51.0) | 41.6 (40.3) | 18.0 (60.6) | ||
| Most common reason for non-work travel (%) | <0.001 | 0.045 | ||||||
| Care-giving / Care-seeking | 105.1 (10.4) | 50.1 (7.2) | 13.9 (35.9) | 41.1 (15.0) | 38.0 (12.3) | 67.1 (9.5) | ||
| Funeral | 404.2 (39.8) | 341.5 (48.7) | 8.5 (21.9) | 54.2 (19.8) | 95.3 (30.9) | 308.9 (43.8) | ||
| Holiday / Visiting family | 339.3 (33.5) | 187.4 (26.7) | 4.6 (11.9) | 147.3 (53.6) | 120.1 (38.9) | 219.2 (31.1) | ||
| Other | 137.7 (13.6) | 108.6 (15.5) | 6.8 (17.5) | 22.4 (8.1) | 38.0 (12.3) | 99.7 (14.1) | ||
| Schooling | 28.1 (2.8) | 13.5 (1.9) | 4.9 (12.8) | 9.6 (3.5) | 17.0 (5.5) | 11.0 (1.6) | ||
| Any funeral attendance in past six months | 485.0 (21.0) | 418.3 (35.2) | 8.5 (1.6) | 58.3 (10.1) | <0.001 | 117.8 (11.8) | 367.2 (28.1) | <0.001 |
| Migration (permanent changes of residence over geopolitical boundaries) | ||||||||
| Any adult migration | 1077.6 (46.7) | 828.5 (69.8) | 49.8 (9.2) | 199.3 (34.5) | <0.001 | 495.3 (49.6) | 582.3 (44.5) | 0.259 |
| Any adult internal migration | 1051.2 (45.5) | 805.7 (67.9) | 49.8 (9.1) | 195.8 (33.9) | <0.001 | 473.7 (47.4) | 577.5 (44.1) | 0.496 |
| Intra-District/Sub-county | 509.8 (22.1) | 507.2 (42.7) | 0.2 (0.0) | 2.4 (0.4) | <0.001 | 188.2 (18.8) | 321.6 (24.6) | <0.001 |
| Inter-District/Sub-county | 803.7 (34.8) | 559.2 (47.1) | 49.7 (9.1) | 194.8 (33.8) | <0.001 | 419.3 (42.0) | 384.5 (29.4) | 0.003 |
| Past 5 years: Any migration | 395.3 (17.1) | 291.2 (24.5) | 8.5 (1.6) | 95.6 (16.6) | <0.001 | 200.3 (20.0) | 195.0 (14.9) | 0.005 |
| Past 5 years: Any internal migration | 390.8 (16.9) | 289.4 (24.4) | 8.5 (1.6) | 93.0 (16.1) | <0.001 | 195.8 (19.6) | 195.0 (14.9) | 0.010 |
| 5-year Intra-District/Sub-county | 197.9 (8.6) | 196.8 (16.6) | 0.0 (0.0) | 1.1 (0.2) | 0.043 | 78.7 (7.9) | 119.2 (9.1) | 0.211 |
| 5-year Inter-District/Sub-county | 232.9 (10.1) | 132.4 (11.2) | 8.5 (1.6) | 92.0 (15.9) | <0.001 | 142.2 (14.2) | 90.7 (6.9) | 0.002 |
| Past 1 year: Any migration | 150.4 (6.5) | 103.5 (8.7) | 2.6 (0.5) | 44.4 (7.7) | 0.001 | 84.5 (8.5) | 66.0 (5.0) | 0.003 |
| Past 1 year: Any internal migration | 147.0 (6.4) | 103.5 (8.7) | 2.6 (0.5) | 40.9 (7.1) | <0.001 | 81.0 (8.1) | 66.0 (5.0) | 0.008 |
| Past year Intra-District/Sub-county | 68.7 (3.0) | 67.7 (5.7) | 0.0 (0.0) | 1.0 (0.2) | 0.090 | 27.8 (2.8) | 40.9 (3.1) | 0.644 |
| Past year Inter-District/Sub-county | 80.3 (3.5) | 37.8 (3.2) | 2.6 (0.5) | 40.0 (6.9) | <0.001 | 54.7 (5.5) | 25.6 (2.0) | 0.015 |
Notes: All metrics adjusted for sampling design.